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1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased ¡­shareholders as a class, (which was) an element¡­

¡¡¡¡[Óï·¨Äѵã]±¾¾äÊǵäÐ͵ķÇÏÞ¶¨ÐÔ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬ÄѵãÔÚÆäÖ÷ÓïºÍ±öÓﶼÓнϳ¤µÄ¶ÌÓïºÍof½á¹¹ÏÞ¶¨£¬²¢ÇÒ·Ö¾äÊÇÓÉÁ½¸öandÏàÁ¬µÄ3¸ö²¿·Ö×é³ÉµÄ¡£·Ö¾äan element¡­landowners ÓÖ´øÓÐÁ½¸ö¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬Ò»¸öÊÇ£¨which was£©representing¡­ £¬ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ(which was)detached¡­¡£

¡¡¡¡¿É¼û£¬¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄÄѵãÔÚÓÚ¾­³£Ê¡ÂÔ¡°Òýµ¼´Ê+be¡±µÄ½á¹¹£¬´Ó¶øÔÚÀí½âÉÏÈÝÒ׺ͷִʽṹÏà»ìÏý¡£

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×Ó·­Òë] ¶Ô×ʱ¾ºÍÆóÒµµÄÕâÖÖ´ó¹æÄ£µÄ·Ç¸öÈ˲Ù×Ý´ó´óÔö¼ÓÁ˹ɶ«×÷Ϊһ¸ö½×¼¶µÄÊýÁ¿ºÍÖØÒªÐÔ¡£Õâ¸ö½×²ã×÷Ϊ¹ú¼ÆÃñÉúµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬´ú±íÁ˷ǸöÈËÔðÈεIJƸ»ÓëÍÁµØ¼°ÍÁµØËùÓÐÕßÓ¦¾¡ÒåÎñµÄ·ÖÀ룬¶øÇÒÒ²¼¸ºõÓëÔðÈιÜÀíÏà·ÖÀë¡£

¡¡¡¡[·­Òë¼¼ÇÉ] ʵ¼ÊÉ϶¨Óï´Ó¾ä²¢²»·ûºÏººÓïµÄʹÓÃÏ°¹ß¡£ËùÒÔ·­ÒëʱÓöÉ϶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬Ò»¶¨²»Òª»úеµØ°´ÕÕÔ­À´µÄ˳ÐòÉú°áÓ²Ìס£ÏñÕâÑù·Ö¾ä½Ï³¤µÄÇé¿ö£¬°ÑÖ÷¾äºÍ·Ö¾ä²ðΪÁ½¾äÊDZȽϺõķ½·¨¡£ËùÒÔÕâÀï´Ó¡°Õâ¸ö½×²ã¡±¿ªÊ¼ÁíÆðÒ»¾ä¡£

¡¡¡¡2£®Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Towns¡­sprang up¡­classes who¡­, and who¡­

¡¡¡¡[Óï·¨Äѵã]1£©Óв¢ÁдӾä¡£·ÖÎö¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸ÉºÜÈÝÒ׿´µ½ÕâÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸öµäÐ͵Ķ¨Óï´Ó¾ä½á¹¹£¬·Ö¾äÓÉwho¡­,and who¡­Á½¸ö²¢Áнṹ×é³É¡£×¢Òâlike²¢²»ÊÇνÓï¶øÊǽé´Ê¶ÌÓï×÷¶¨ÓÕæÕýµÄÖ÷¾äνÓïÊÇsprang of¡£retire onÖ¸¡°ÒÀ¿¿Ê²Ã´¶øÍËÐÝ£¨¶à¸ú±íÊÕÈëµÄÃû´Ê£©¡±¡£

¡¡¡¡2£©that of drawing dividends ½á¹¹ÖУ¬drawÊÇÊÕÈ¡µÄÒâ˼£¬dividendÖ¸ºìÀû£¬that of sth½á¹¹ÊÇÃû´ÊÐԵģ¬that of sthÏ൱ÓÚwhich is½á¹¹£¬Ä¿µÄ¶¼ÊÇÐÞÊÎÇ°ÃæµÄÃû´Ê¡£×¢ÒâºóÃ滹ÓÐattending¡­ÊÇÊ¡ÂÔÁËwhich wereµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬°Ñof sth½á¹¹ºÍ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä½»ÌæʹÓÃÊÇÓ¢ÓïÖг¤ÄѾäµÄ¹ßÓÃÊÖ·¨£¬Ä¿µÄÊDZÜÃâÐÐÎĵĵ¥µ÷£¬¿¼ÉúÅóÓÑÃÇҪעÒâ·Ö±æ¡£

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×Ó·­Òë] ÏñBournemouthºÍEastbouneÕâÑùµÄ³ÇÊÐÐËÆðÁË£¬´óÅúÒþÍ˵ÄÏíÀֽײãÈËÊ¿¿¿×Ô¼ºµÄÊÕÈ룬ÔÚÕâÀï¹ý×ÅÓÆÏеÄÉú»î¡£ËûÃÇÓëȺÌåÖ®ÍâµÄÈËûÓÐÁªÏµ£¬Ö»ÊÇ·ÖÈ¡ºìÀû£¬Å¼¶û²Î¼Ó¹É¶«»áÒ飬¶Ô¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±·¢ºÅÊ©Áî¡£

¡¡¡¡[·­Òë¼¼ÇÉ]ͬÑùÊÇΪÁ˱ܿª¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬½«Ö÷¾äºÍ·Ö¾ä²ðΪÁ½¾ä¡£Òª×¢Ò⼸¸ö¶ÌÓïµÄÀí½â¡£

¡¡¡¡retire onÒÀ¿¿¡­¡­ÍËÐÝ/have¡­relation¡­toÓë¡­¡­ÓйØϵ/up to ´ïµ½¡­¡­µÄ¹æÄ£

¡¡¡¡3£®Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Robert Fulton once wrote, ¡°The mechanic should sit down¡­, like a ¡­, considering them as¡­, in which a¡­¡±

¡¡¡¡[Óï·¨Äѵã]ÓÐÊ¡ÂÔ¡£1£©like¡­·Ö¾äÊÇÊ¡ÂÔÁËwho µÄÖ÷Óï´Ó¾äÖеķ־䣬considering¡­·Ö¾äÊÇÏÖÔÚ·Ö´ÊÒýµ¼µÄ×´Óï´Ó¾ä¡£Õâ¸ö×´Óï´Ó¾ä¿ÉÒÔÄõ½¾äÊ×£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¾äβ¡£Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ½Ï³¤µÄ×´Óï´Ó¾äÖÃÓÚ¾ä⣬½Ï¶ÌµÄÖÃÓÚ¾äÊ×£¬ÎªµÄÊÇʹ¾ä×Ó¿´ÉÏÈ¥ÏԵüò½àһЩ¡£

¡¡¡¡2£©like·Ö¾äÖгöÏÖÁ˱Ƚ϶àµÄÊ¡ÂÔ£¬²¹È«ÒÔºóÊÇwho like a poet who is among the letters¡­¡£Ó¢ÓïÖеĴӾäÖ®ËùÒÔÊÇÄѵã¾ÍÊÇÒòΪ´óÁ¿µØÊ¡ÂÔÒýµ¼´Ê¡£

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×Ó·­Òë]ÂÞ²©ÌØ¡¤¸»¶û¶ÙÔø¾­Ð´µÀ£¬»úе¹¤½«×øÔڸܸË¡¢ÂÝË¿¡¢Ð¨¡¢ÂÖ×ÓµÈÖÜΧ£¬ÏñÊ«È˶Դý×Öĸ±íÖеÄÿ¸ö×ÖĸһÑù£¬°ÑËüÃÇ×÷Ϊ×Ô¼ºµÄ˼·չʾ£¬Ã¿Ò»¸öÐÂ×éºÏ¶¼´«ËÍÒ»¸öиÅÄî¡£

¡¡¡¡[·­Òë¼¼ÇÉ]Èç¹ûÑϸñµØ·­Ò룬like·Ö¾äÓ¦¸ÃÒëΪ¡°Ïñ¶Ô´ý×Öĸ±íÖÐ×ÖĸµÄÊ«ÈËÒ»Ñù¡±£¬Ô­ÒòÊÇÕâ¸ö´Ó¾äÐÞÊεÄÊÇ»úе¹¤£¬Ó¦¸ÃÓÃÊ«ÈËÀ´¶ÔÓ¦£¬µ«ÕâÑùÒ»À´£¬¾Í²»·ûºÏººÓïµÄ±í´ïÏ°¹ßÁË¡£

¡¡¡¡4£®Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Some of these causes are reasonable results¡­, Others are consequences of advances¡­

¡¡¡¡[Óï·¨Äѵã]Ö÷ÓïÊÇsome of these causes£¬Êµ¼ÊµÄÖ÷Óï¾ÍÊÇsome£¬²»¹ýνÓïÊǵ¥Êý»¹ÊǸ´ÊýÔòÈ¡¾öÓÚofºóÃæµÄ³É·ÖÊǵ¥Êý»¹ÊǸ´Êý¡£being to¡­ÊǶ¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄ·Ö¾ä½á¹¹£¬ÒâΪ¡°ÊôÓÚ¡±¡£

¡¡¡¡[¾ä×Ó·­Òë]ÔÚÕâЩԭÒòÖУ¬ÓÐЩÍêÈ«ÊÇ×ÔÈ»¶øÈ»µØÀ´×ÔÉç»áÐèÇó£¬ÁíһЩÔòÊÇÓÉÓÚ¿ÆѧÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ×ÔÎÒ¼ÓËÙ¶ø²úÉúµÄijЩÌض¨·¢Õ¹µÄ±ØÈ»½á¹û¡£

¡¡¡¡[·­Òë¼¼ÇÉ]Õâ¸ö·­Òë±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬×¢Òâbeing toµÄ·­Òë¼´¿É¡£
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