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¡¡¡¡¾­µäÀýÌâ1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned£¬orderly£¬systematic£¬and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

¡¡¡¡ÓеĿ¼ÉúÒ»¿´Õâ¸ö¾ä×Ó£¬²»¼ÓÒÔÀí½â¾ÍÖ±ÒëΪ:¡°Éç»á¿ÆѧÊÇÄǸöÖÇÁ¦Ñ¯ÎʵķÖÖ§£¬ËüÑ°ÕÒÑо¿ÈËÀàºÍËûÃǵÄŬÁ¦¡£ÔÚͬÑù×ÔÈ»µÄ¡¢ÓÐÐòµÄ¡¢ÏµÍ³µÄ·½Ê½Ï£¬×ÔÈ»¿Æѧ¼ÒÒ²ÓÃÖÇÁ¦Ñ¯Îʵķ½Ê½À´Ñо¿×ÔÈ»ÏÖÏ󡣡±

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¡¡¡¡¾­µäÀýÌâ2 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots£¬and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

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5. ÔÚ·­Òë¹ý³ÌÖг£¼ûµÄÖ¢½áÊÇʲô?

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¡¡¡¡¾­µäÀýÌâ3 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians£¬modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

¡¡¡¡ÓеĿ¼Éú¾Í·­ÒëΪ:¡°ÓжàÉÙ¸öÀúʷѧ¼Ò£¬¾ÍÓжàÉÙ¸öÀúʷѧµÄ¶¨Òå¡£¶øÏÖ´úʵ¼ù×îÓëÆäÖаÑÀúÊ·¿´×÷ÊÇÊÔͼÔÙ´´ÔìºÍ½âÊÍÖØ´óÀúʷʼþµÄÒ»¸ö½Ó½ü¡£¡±

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¡¡¡¡1.assign¡­to¡­ÈÏΪ¡­ÊÇ¡­Ôì³ÉµÄ¡£ÀýÈç:1£©They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.£¨ËûÃÇÈÏΪËû¹Å¹ÖµÄÐÐΪÊÇÉíÌå²»ºÃÔì³ÉµÄ¡££©2£©The fire was assigned to various causes.£¨Õâ´Î»ðÔÖÊÇÖÖÖÖÔ­ÒòÔì³ÉµÄ¡££©

¡¡¡¡2.shift¡­to£¨onto£©¡­°Ñ¡­ÍƵ½¡­µÄÍ·ÉÏ¡£ÀýÈç:1£©I mustn¡¯t shift my responsibility to£Ûupon£Ýyou.£¨ÎÒ²»ÄÜ°ÑÔðÈÎÍƵ½ÄãÉíÉÏ¡££©2£©I don¡¯t want to shift the blame onto her.£¨ÎÒ²»Ïë°Ñ´íÍƵ½ËýÉíÉÏ¡££©

¡¡¡¡3.64ÌâÖÐgive sb.credit for sth.ÒâΪ¡°ÒòΪ¡­¶ø¿Ï¶¨Ä³È˵ŦÀÍ¡±£¬Èç:The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.£¨ÓÉÓÚʹ¹«ÓÃÊÂҵ˳ÀûÔËת£¬¾¯·½Êܵ½±íÕᣣ©

¡¡¡¡4.65ÌâÖÐwith itËæÖ®¡£andÒýµ¼Ò»¸ö²¢ÁеÄÊ¡ÂԷ־䣬²¹È«ºóΪ:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected¡£

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¡¡¡¡Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet communications systems as sorts of protozoa£¨Ô­Éú¶¯Î.What we¡¯re witnessing today in the realm of cyberspace¡ªthe online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.

¡¡¡¡One notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come.We do£¬in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly£¬a founding editor of Wired magazine.

¡¡¡¡¡°The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the soft¡ªthe world of intangibles£¬of media£¬of software£¬and of services¡ªwill soon command the world of the hard¡ªthe world of reality£¬of atoms£¬of objects£¬of steel and oil£¬and the hard work done by the sweat of brows£¬¡±Kelly writes.Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications£¬he says£¬adding:£¨1£©¡°We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety£¬loss£¬excitement£¬and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.¡±Does that sound like techno_hype?

¡¡¡¡It¡¯s barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive¡°rules¡±that Kelly dishes out.£¨2£©He employs an aphoristic£¨¸ñÑԵģ©and£¬well£¬wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.

¡¡¡¡Where it¡¯s likely headed£¬in Kelly¡¯s words£¬is¡°upside down¡±.Chew£¬for example£¬on the idea that¡°the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness¡±.What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips£¬though relatively¡°dumb¡±on their own£¬can be added to billions of mundane objects and£¬thereby£¬yield substantial economic benefits.Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans.In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up£¬value came from scarcity.As in£¬diamonds£¬gold and oil.In a world of digital imperatives£¬as Kelly correctly points out£¬¡°power comes from abundance.¡±£¨3£©That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface£¬assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft¡¯s more open Windows operating system.Which leads us to another of Kelly¡¯s hardwired laws:Follow the free.In the universe of atoms£¬as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.As gold is mined£¬nuggets£¨ÌìÈ»½ð¿é£©at first may be easy£¬and therefore cheap£¬to find.But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock£¬the price of gold becomes more dear.

¡¡¡¡But in what Kelly terms¡°the new order¡±£¬the law of plentitude kicks in£¬leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products.Similarly£¬expensive cell phones are offered as freebies£¨Ãâ·ÑµÄ¶«Î÷£©to gain contracts for phone services.

¡¡¡¡Finally£¬Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.£¨4£©An American farmer today£¬for instance£¬may still get some dirt under his fingernails£¬but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic network.The cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device;his home computer is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data£¬grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.£¨5£©New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky life forms that exploded on the scene a half billion years ago.¡°The qualities needed to succeed in the network economy can be reduced to this:a facility for charging into the unknown.¡±

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