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3. Hardy¡¯s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and¡¡risky ones. £¨3£©
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4. Virginia Woolf¡¯s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been¡¡ignored by the critics£¬since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states¡¡¡¡of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. £¨5£©ÒëÎÄ£º¸¥¼ªÄáÑÇ.Îé¶û·ò£¨Virginia Woolf£©
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5. As she put it in The Common Reader , ¡°It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .¡±£¨5-£©
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7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent£¬he shows that the slaves preference£¬revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent£¬was very much for stable monogamy. £¨3+£©
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8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged¡¡the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore£¬music£¬and religious expression from one generation to another£¬a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. £¨4£©
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºGutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged¡¡thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore£¬music£¬and religious expression from one generation to another£¬a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy£¬Gutman suggests£¬ may have derived from¡¡West African rules governing marriage£¬which£¬though they differed from one tribal group to another£¬all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. £¨3+£©
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½âÊÍ£º±¾¾äÓÐÁ½¸ö²åÈëÓµÚÒ»¸ö²åÈëÓïGutman suggests¸îÁÑÁËÖ÷¾äµÄÖ÷ÓïºÍνÓï¡£West African rulesºó¸ú×ÅÁ½¸öÐÞÊγɷÖ£¬µÚÒ»¸öÊÇ·Ö´ÊÐÞÊÎ(governing marriage), µÚ¶þ¸öÊÇÒÔwhichÒýµ¼µÄ·ÇÏÞ¶¨ÐÔ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬´Ó¾äÖгöÏÖÁ˵ڶþ¸ö²åÈëÓïthough they differed from one tribal group to another£¬ÓÖ¸îÁÑÁË´Ó¾äÒýµ¼´ÊÓëνÓïÖ®¼äµÄÁªÏµ
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThis preference for exogamy£¬Gutman suggests£¬ may have derived from¡¡West African rules governing marriage£¬which£¬though they differed from one tribal group to another£¬all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States£¬but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition£¬" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews¡¡in medieval Europe. £¨4+£©ÒëÎÄ£º¸ÃÉç»áѧ¼ÒµÄÃüÌâµ±±»Ó¦ÓÃÓÚÕë¶ÔÃÀ¹úºÚÈ˵ÄÆçÊÓʱ£¬Ïà¶Ô¶øÑÔÉÐÄÜÊÊÓ㬵«Ëû¶ÔÖÖ×åÆ«¼ûËùϵĶ¨Òå--¼´¡°ÒÔÖÖ×åΪ»ù´¡µÄ¡¢Õë¶Ôij¸öȺÌåµÄÏû¼¶µÄÏÈÈëÖ®¼û£¬¶ø¸ÃȺÌåÔÚÈκÎÌض¨µÄÖÖ×徺ÕùµØÇøÔò±»ÆÕ±éÈÏ×÷Ò»ÖÖ×塱--¿É±»Àí½â³ÉͬÑùÒ²ÏåÀ¨ÁËÕë¶Ô¼ÓÀû¸£ÄáÑÇÖݵÄÖйúÈËÒÔ¼°ÖÐÊÀ¼ÍµÄÓÌÌ«ÈËÕâÑùһЩÖÖ×åȺÌåµÄµÐÊÓ̬¶È¡£
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11. Such variations in size£¬ shape£¬chemistry£¬ conduction speed£¬ excitation threshold£¬and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any¡¡¡¡possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.£¨5£©ÒëÎÄ£ºÀàËÆÓÚÕâЩÒѾ­±»ÔÚÉñ¾­Ï¸°ûÖÐÖ¤Ã÷µÄÔÚ´óС¡¢ÐÎ×´¡¢»¯Ñ§¹ý³Ì¡¢²úÉúµÄËٶȡ¢ÐË·ÜãÐÖµ¼°ÆäÀàËƵķ½ÃæÉÏËù·¢Éú±ä»¯£¬µ±ËûÃDZ»ÓÃÀ´Óë´óÄÔµÄÌåÑéÒÔ¿ÉÄܵķ½Ê½ÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄʱºò£¬ËûÃÇÔÚÖØÒªÐÔÉÏÈÔÈ»ÊÇ΢²»×ãµÀµÄ¡£
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½âÊÍ£º¼´Ê¹ÊdzõÁ·ÄÑÃâµÄÈËÆäʵҲºÜÊìϤsuch thing as somethingÕâÑùµÄÓïÑÔ·½Ê½£¬¿ÉÊǵ±ÖмäµÄС¶«Î÷thing¾ÓÈ»±ä³ÉÁËÒ»¸ö³¤´ïÊ®¶þ¸öµ¥´ÊµÄ´ó¶«Î÷µÄʱºò£¬ÊµÔÚÁîÈ˸㲻ÇåºóÃæµÄas¼°ÆäºóµÄsomething µ½µ×ΪÄÄ·½ÉñÊ¥¡£ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏÒÔsuch as ΪÖÐÐĵij¤Ö÷Óï¾àÀëϵ¶¯´ÊremainÌ«Ô¶£¬¸üÔö¼ÓÁ˱¾¾äµÄÄѶÈ¡£Çë¶ÁÕß·´¸´ÔĶÁ£¬Ö±µ½¶Á³öÕâÑùµÄ¸Ð¾õ£ºË³ÐòÔĶÁÔ­ÎÄʱ£¬Ô­ÎÄËƺõ¾ÍÊǼ¸´ó¿é£¬¾ÍºÃÏñÊÇsuch things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºSuch variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) ÓпÉÄÜͨ¹ýÆäËû·½·¨À´Ö¤Ã÷Éñ¾­ÔªÖÖÀà¼äµÄϸ΢µÄ½á¹¹²îÒ죻¿ÉÊÇ£¬ÕâÑùµÄÖ¤¾ÝÊÇȱ·¦µÄ£¬¼´Éñ¾­³å¶¯µÄÐÔÖÊ»òÕß״̬ÊÇÊÜÕâЩ²îÒìËùÓ°ÏìµÄ£¬¶øÕâЩ²îÒì¿´ÆðÀ´È´ÄÜÓ°ÏìÉñ¾­ÍøÂçµÄ·¢Óýģʽ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºIt was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved£¬the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view£¬namely£¬that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. £¨4£© ¾¡¹ÜÔÚÉñ¾­ÄÜÁ¿ÉÏ´æÔÚ×ÅÖʵIJ»Í¬£¬ÕâÒ»µã´ÓÀ´¶¼Ã»ÓÐÔÚÑϸñµÄÒâÒåÉϱ»·´¶Ô¹ý£¬µ«ÊÇÒÔÉϽÌÌõͨ³£±»Å×Æúµô£¬¶øתÏòÏà·´µÄ¹Ûµã£¬¼´£ºÉñ¾­³å¶¯´Ó¸ù±¾Éϱ¾ÖÊÏàͬ£¬¶øÇÒ±»µ±×÷¡°Ò»ÖÖÆÕͨÁ÷¡±ÔÚÕû¸öÉñ¾­ÏµÍ³Öд«²¥¡£
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14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size£¬number£¬¡¡¡¡arrangement£¬and interconnection of the nerve cells£¬but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned£¬the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. £¨4 -£© ¾¡¹ÜÆäËûʵÑéÏÔʾÔÚÉñ¾­Ï¸°ûµÄ´óС¡¢ÊýÁ¿¡¢ÅÅÁкÍÏ໥Á¬½ÓÉÏÓÐһЩСµÄ²îÒ죬µ«ÊǾÍÐÄÀí-Éñ¾­µÄ¹Øϵ¶øÑÔ£¬ÕâЩ¸Ð¹ÙÇøÓò±Ë´ËÖ®¼äµÄÃ÷ÏÔµÄÏàËÆÐÔ¿´ÆðÀ´±ÈÆð΢СµÄ²îÒì¸üΪÁîÈËעĿ¡£
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17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer ¡°moral lessons¡± on the supposed outcome of women¡¯s rule in their own society . (4)
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18. Thus£¬for instance£¬it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom£¬but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin£¬magnetic dipole£¬and relativistic effects£»and that this corrected¡¡equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of¡¡quantum field-theoretical equations. £¨5£©Òò´Ë£¬¾ÙÀýÀ´Ëµ£¬¶ÔÊýѧ¼Ò¶øÑÔ£¬Á˽⵽ÏÂÊöÇéÐοÉÄÜ»áÁîÆ侪㵲»ÒÑ£¬¼´Ñ¦¶¨ÚÌ£¨Schrodinger£©µÄÇâÔ­×Ó·½³Ìʽ²¢·ÇÊǶԸÃÔ­×Ó×÷³öµÄÒ»ÖÖ¾øÈ»ÕýÈ·µÄÃèÊö£¬¶ø½ö½öÊǸö½üËÆÖµ£¬Ç÷½üÓÚÒ»¸öÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉϸüΪÕýÈ·µÄ½«×ÔÐý¡¢´ÅÐÔż¼«×Ó¡¢ÒÔ¼°Ïà¶ÔÂÛЧӦ¿¼ÂÇÔÚÄڵķ½³Ìʽ£»¶øÕâ¸öµÃÒÔ¾ÀÕýµÄ·½³Ìʽ¾ÍÆä±¾Éí¶øÑÔÒ²Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸ö²»ÍêÃÀµÄ½üËÆÖµ£¬Ç÷½üÓÚÎÞÇîÎÞ¾¡µÄÒ»ÕûÌ×Á¿×Ó³¡ÂÛ·½³Ìʽ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument£¬since an argument that is¡¡convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on¡¡which it is based are slightly changed£¬whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. £¨5+£©ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¿Ö¾åÓÚÄÇЩ¾«È·ÎÞÎóµÄÂ۾ݲ»ÎÞµÀÀí£¬ÒòΪijÖÖÖ»ÓÐÔÚËüÊǾ«È·ÎÞÎóµÄÌõ¼þϲÅÁîÈËÖÃÐŵÄÂ۾ݣ¬Ò»µ©ËüÀµÓÚ½¨Á¢ÆäÉϵļÙÉèÉÔÓб仯£¬±ã»áʧȥËüÒ»²¿µÄ×÷Ó㻶øÓë´ËÏà·´£¬Ò»¸ö¾¡¹Ü²¢²»¾«È·ÎÞÎóµ«È´ÁîÈËÖÃÐŵÄÂ۾ݣ¬ÔÚÆä»ù±¾¼ÙÉ裨underlying assumption£©ÉÔ΢ÊܸÉÈŵÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÈÔÈ»ÓпÉÄÜÊÇÕ¾µÃס½ÅµÄ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThe physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

20. However£¬as they gained cohesion£¬the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women¡¯s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres£¬who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. £¨4-£©Æð³õ£¬À¶ÍàÅ®ÃÇȷʵģ·ÂÁË·¨¹úɳÁúÅ®Ö÷ÈË£¬½«ÄÐÐÔÏåÀ¨µ½ÆäСȦ×ÓÖÐÀ´¡£È»Ôò£¬Ëæ×ÅËýÃÇ»ñµÃµÄÄý¾ÛÁ¦£¬ËýÃǽ¥Ç÷½«×Ô¼ºÊÓ×÷һŮÐÔÍÅÌ壬²¢ÓµÓÐÁËÒ»ÖÖ¸¾Å®ÍŽáÒâʶ£¬¶øÕâÖÖÒâʶÔÚ·¨¹úɳÁúÅ®Ö÷ÈËÉíÉÏÔòµ´È»Î޴棬ÒòΪËýÃÇÿ¸öÈËÔÚÆä×Ô¼ºµÄɳÁúÖÐ×ÔÊÓÉõ¸ß¶ø±Ë´Ë¹ÂÁ¢¸ô¾ø¿ªÀ´¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºHowever, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon

21. As my own studies have advanced£¬I have been increasingly impressed with the functional¡¡¡¡similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem£¬at first glance£¬to constitute such an immense gulf between them. £¨5£© Ëæ×ÅÎÒµÄÑо¿²»¶ÏÉîÈ룬ÎÒ¶ÔÀ¥³æºÍ¼¹×µ¶¯ÎïȺÂäÖ®¼äµÄ¹¦ÄÜÀàËÆÐÔÓ¡ÏóÓúÀ´ÓúÉî¿Ì£¬¶ø¶Ô½á¹¹ÉϵIJîÒìÓ¡ÏóÓú·¢µ­Ä®£¬ËäÈ»ÕâЩ½á¹¹ÉϵIJîÒì³õ¿´ÉÏÈ¥Ëƺõ¹¹³ÉÁ˶þÕß¼äÒ»ÌõÎÞ·¨ÓúÔ½µÄºè¹µ¡£
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½âÊÍ£º±¾¾ä×ÓµÄÖмäÒ»¶Îimpressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differencesÈÝÒ×ÁîÈË¿´ÔΣ¬ÆäÖеÄinsect and vertebrate societies and less so withÓÉÁ½¸öandÁ¬½ÓÁËÈý¸ö²¿·Ö£¬È»¶øËüÃÇÆäʵ²»ÊÇͬһ²ã´ÎµÄ²¢ÁУ¬µÚÒ»¸öandʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇbetween insect societies and vertebrate societiesµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬ÊDz¢ÁеÄ£¬¶øandÖ®ºóµÄless so withÆäʵÊǶÔÓÚÒ»¸öÍêÕûµÄ±í´ï·½Ê½I have been increasingly less impressed withµÄÊ¡ÂÔÐÎʽ£¬È¥µôÁËÓëÇ°ÃæÖظ´µÄ³É·Ö¡£ ºóÃæÐÞÊεÄstructural differencesµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾äthat seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between themÖУ¬ÓÖ³öÏÖÁËÒ»¸ö±ðŤµÄ²åÈëÓïat first glance£¬°ÑÓ¦¸ÃÁ¬ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄseem to ´Ö±©µØ·Ö¿ª£¬ÁîÈ˲»ÊìϤ´ËÀàÄѾäµÄÈ˱¶¸Ð²»ÊÊ¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºAs my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them.

22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances£¬its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological£¬and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.£¨4£© ËäȻС˵ÎÞÒÉÆðÔ´ÓÚÕþÖÎÇé×´£¬µ«Æä×÷ÕßÔòÊÇÒÔ·ÇÒâʶÐÎ̬µÄ·½Ê½¶ÔÕâЩÕþÖÎÇé×´×÷³ö·´Ó¦µÄ£¬¶ø½«Ð¡ËµºÍ¹ÊÊÂÖ÷ÒªµØµ±×÷ÒâʶÐÎ̬µÄ¹¤¾ßÀ´Ì½ÌÖ£¬»áÔÚÏ൱³Ì¶ÈÉÏ×谭С˵ÊÂÒµ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºAlthough fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances£¬its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological£¬and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.

23. Is this a defect£¬or are the authors working out of£¬or trying to forge£¬a different kind of aesthetic£¿£¨3£©Õ⾿¾¹ÊÇÒ»ÖÖȱÏÝÄØ£¬»¹ÊÇÕâЩ×÷ÕßÏëÒª°´ÕÕÒ»ÖÖÓëÖÚ²»Í¬µÄÃÀѧÌåϵ½øÐд´×÷£¬ÒÖ»òÊÇÔÚÊÔͼ´´Á¢Ò»ÖÖÓëÖÚ²»Í¬µÄÃÀѧÌåϵ£¿
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºIs this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?

24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer¡¯s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? £¨5£©²»½öÈç´Ë£¬ÓÐЩºÚÈËС˵£¨±ÈÈçJTµÄ¸ÊÕᣩµÄ·ç¸ñ½Ó½üÓë±íÏÖÖ÷ÒåºÍ³¬ÏÖʵÖ÷Ò壻ÕâÖÖ¼¼ÇÉÊÇ·ñΪÁ÷ÐеÄÖ÷ÌâÌṩÁËÒ»¸öºÍгµÄ¶ÔÓ¦ÄØ£¿ÕâÖÖÖ÷Ìâ¿Ì»­Á˺ÚÈË×¢ÒâÓëÖ®Ï࿹ÕùµÄÃüÔË£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öͨ³£ÓøüΪ×ÔÈ»Ö÷ÒåµÄ±íÏÖÊÖ·¨Ëù±í´ïµÄÖ÷Ìâ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºIn addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism£» does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels£¬bringing to our attention in the¡¡process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon¡¡Johnson¡¯s Autobiography of an Ex-¡¡¡¡Colored Man. £¨4£©×¢Ò⣺bring A to B --¡µbring to B A ¡¶ºÚÈËС˵¡·¿¼²ìÁ˼«Îª¹ã·ºµÄһϵÁÐС˵£¬Ôڴ˹ý³ÌÖÐÈÃÎÒÃÇ×¢Òâµ½ÁËijЩÒýÈËÈëʤµ«È´ÏÊΪÈËÖªµÄ×÷Æ·£¬Èçղķ˹¡£Î¤¶ûµÇ¡£Ô¼º²Ñ·£¨James Weldon Johnson£©µÄ¡¶Ò»¸öÔø¾­ÊÇÓÐÉ«È˵Ä×Ô´«¡·£¨Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man£©¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºBlack Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels£¬ bringing to our attention in the¡¡process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon¡¡Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths£¬ where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated£¬to pass through£¬they absorb some of the longer-wavelength£¬¡¡¡¡infrared emissions radiated from the Earth¡¯s surface£¬radiation that would¡¡otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) ËäÈ»ÕâЩ·Ö×ÓÔÊÐí¿É¼û²¨³¤£¨visible wavelength£©µÄ·øÉä--Ñô¹âµÄ¾ø´ó²¿·ÖÄÜÁ¿¾Í»ã¼¯ÓÚ´Ë--²»ÊÜ×èµ²µØ´©Í¸£¬µ«ËüÃÇÈ´»áÎüÊÕijЩ½Ï³¤²¨³¤£¨longer-wavelength£©£¬Ò༴´ÓµØÇò±íÃæ·øÉä³öµÄºìÍâ·¢É䣨infrared emission£©£¬ÕâÖÖ·øÉäÈô²»ÊǶþÑõ»¯Ì¼µÄÔµ¹Ê¾Í»á±»ÖØÐÂÊäËÍ»ØÌ«¿Õ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºAlthough these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths£¬ where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated£¬ to pass through£¬ they absorb some of the longer-wavelength£¬ infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface£¬ radiation that would¡¡otherwise be transmitted back into space

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating¡¡the details of human behavior but one¡¡of imposing constraints-ways of¡¡feeling£¬thinking£¬and acting that¡¡¡¡"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. £¨4£© ÕâЩÈËÀàѧ¼ÒËù¹éÖîÓÚÉúÎï½ø»¯µÄ×÷Ó㬲»Êǹ涨ÈËÀàÐÐΪµÄÖÖÖÖϸ½Ú£¬¶øÊǽ«¸÷ÖÖÏÞÖÆÇ¿¼ÓÓÚÈËÀà--¼´ÔÚÈκÎÎÄ»¯µÄµäÐÍÇé¾°Öж¼»á¡°×ÔÈ»±í¶¡±µÄÇé¸Ð¡¢Ë¼Î¬¡¢ÒÔ¼°Ðж¯·½Ê½¡£
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½âÊÍ£º¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃǺÜÊìϤthe role of somethingµÄÕâÖÖ±í´ï£¬µ«±¾¾äÖÐthe role of±»×÷ÕßʤÀûºÜ»î¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÔÚroleºóÃæÓÐÒ»¸öÊ¡ÂÔÁËÒýµ¼´ÊthatµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä(ÒòΪroleÔÚ´Ó¾äÖÐ×÷ascribeµÄ±öÓï)£¬ÕâÑù¾Í°ÑroleºÍϵ¶¯´Êis¸ôµÃºÜÔ¶¡£Æä´Î£¬butÇ°ÃæµÄ¾ä×ÓµÄÖ÷Òª½á¹¹The role is not of doing somethingÆäʵÊÇThe role is not the role of doing somethingµÄÊ¡ÂÔÐÎʽ£¬ÒòΪºóÃæµÄthe roleÓëÇ°ÃæµÄÍêÈ«Öظ´£¬Èç¹û²»°ÑËüÊ¡ÂÔµô£¬Ë­¿´µ½¶¼Òª¾õµÃ†ªà¡£ÒòΪͬÑùµÄµÀÀí£¬butÖ®ºóµÄone of imposing constraintsʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇis one role of imposing constraintsµÄÊ¡ÂÔÐÎʽ¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThe role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating¡¡ the details of human behavior but one¡¡of imposing constraints- ways of¡¡feeling£¬ thinking£¬and acting that¡¡¡¡"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the ¡°details¡± versus ¡°constraints¡± distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? £¨5)ÒÔÏÂÄÄÒ»¸öÑ¡Ïî×îÓпÉÄÜΪÎÄÕÂÖÐËù̸µ½µÄÓëÈËÀàÐÐΪÓйصġ°ÈËÀàÐÐΪϸ½Ú¡±Ïà¶Ô¡°ÈËÀàËùÊÜÏÞÖÆ¡±Ö®¼äµÄ²îÒ죬´ÓÈËÀàÐÎ̬µÄ½Ç¶ÈÉÏÌṩÁËÒ»¸öºÏÊʵÄÀà±È£¿
ÄѾäÀàÐÍ£º¸´ÔÓÐÞÊΡ¢³éÏó´Ê
½âÊÍ£º±¾¾ä×ÓÔÚËùÓÐGRE»òGMATÔĶÁÌâµÄÌâ¸ÉÖÐÊÇ×îÄѶÁ¶®µÄÌâ¸ÉÖ®Ò»¡£±¾¾ä²»µ«½á¹¹¸´ÔÓ£¬¶øÇÒÓôʳéÏó£¬Ê¹µÃ¶ÁÕßÈç¹ûÏë¸ù¾ÝÓïÒåÀ´¸ãÇå³þË­ÐÞÊÎË­£¬Ò²±äµÃ¼«ÎªÀ§ÄÑ¡£·ÖÎöÈçÏ£º±¾¾äµÄÖ÷¸ÉÊÇWhich of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. VersusÊÇÒ»¸ö½é´Ê£¬µÈÓÚagainst£¬¼´ÌåÓý±ÈÈüÖеÄVS¡£ÆäËûµÄËùÓгɷ־ùÊÇһЩÐÞÊγɷÖ¡£ÆäÖÐÒ»¸ö¶Ô´ðÌâ×îÖØÒªµÄÏÞÖÆÌõ¼þÊÇfrom human morphology£¬¡¡ËµÃ÷ÕâÖÖÀà±ÈµÄ±È½ÏË«·½Ëù±ÈµÄ±ØÐëÊÇÈËÀàÐÎ̬ÉϵÄÌØÕ÷¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºWhich of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested£¬but did not prove£¬ that the grazers¡¡had removed most of the algae. £¨3+£©ÔÚ´æÔÚ´óÁ¿Ê³²Ý¶¯ÎïµÄͬʱȴֻÓÐÉÙÁ¿µÄË®Ô廨·ÛÄÒ£¬Õⰵʾ³ö--µ«Ã»ÄÜÖ¤Ã÷--ʳ²Ý¶¯ÎïÒÑÍÌÊÉÁ˴󲿷ÖË®Ôå¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºA low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested£¬but did not prove£¬ that the grazers¡¡had removed most of the algae.

30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. £¨5£© ¿ÉÄÜÕâÑùÒ»¸öÊÂʵ£¬ÄǾÍÊǺܶàÕâÑùµÄ×î³õµÄÑо¿Ö»ÊÇ¿¼ÂÇÁËÄÇЩÄܹ»ÓÃÍøÀÌÆðÀ´µÄ´óСµÄË®Ô壬ÕâÑùÒ»¸öºöÊÓÁ˸üСµÄ¸¡ÓÎÉúÎ¶øÕâЩ¸¡ÓÎÉúÎïÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚÖªµÀÊDz¶Ê³ÕßÖ÷ÒªµÄʳÎµÄ×ö·¨£¬µ¼ÖÂÁËÔÚ½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄÑо¿ÖжÔÓÚ²¶Ê³ÕßµÄ×÷ÓõıáµÍ¡£
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½âÊÍ£º¾ä×ӵĽṹ·±ÔÓ¡£¾ä×ÓµÄÖ÷ÓïÁîÈ˳ԾªµØ³¤£¬ÔÚ×îºóÒ»¸ö¶ººÅºóµÄledÒÔÇ°£¬È«ÊÇÖ÷ÓÆäʵ¾ä×ÓµÄÖ÷¸É¼òµ¥£¬¾ÍÊÇthe fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers¡£µ«ÊDZ¾¾äµÄÖ÷Óïthe factºóÃæµÄÐÞÊγɷֳ¤µÃÏÅÈË£¬ÏÈÊǸö¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£»¶¨Óï´Ó¾äÖÐÓÖÌ×ÁËÒ»¸ö¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä¡£È»ºó¶ººÅºóÃæµÄa practiceÒýµ¼µÄ²¿·ÖÊÇÇ°ÃæµÄÖ÷ÓïµÄͬλÓï¼æÈβåÈëÓpracticeºóÃæµÄÐÞÊÎËüµÄÒ»´ó¶Ñ¶«Î÷ÓÖÊǶ¨Óï´Ó¾äÌ××Ŷ¨Óï´Ó¾ä¡£±¾¾äÊǵäÐ͵IJã²ãÐÞÊνṹ¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºPerhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research

31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of¡¡individual zooplankton species in the¡¡laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions¡¡using the known population density¡¡of grazers. £¨5£©Óɹþ¸ñÀ×·ò£¨Hargrave£©ºÍ¼ª¶÷£¨Geen£©Ëù½øÐеÄÑо¿£¬¶Ô×ÔÈ»Ìõ¼þϵÄȺÂ䲶ʳËÙÂʽøÐÐÁ˹À¼Æ£¬ÆäÊÖ¶ÎÊÇͨ¹ý²âÁ¿³öʵÑéÊÒÄÚµ¥¶ÀµÄ¸¡Óζ¯ÎïÖÖÀàµÄ²¶Ê³ËÙÂÊ£¬È»ºóÀûÓÃÒÑÖªµÄʳ²Ý¶¯ÎïÖÖȺÃܶÈ£¬¼ÆËã³öʵµØ×´¿öϵÄȺÂ䲶ʳËÙÂÊ¡£
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½âÊÍ£º±¾¾ä¶ÔÔĶÁÕßµÄÔĶÁÄÜÁ¦Ìá³öÁ˸ü¸ßµÄÒªÇ󣬲»µ«ÒªÇó¶ÁÕ߶ÁÇå³þ¾ä×ӵĸ´ÔӵĽṹ£¬¶øÇÒ¶Ô¶ÁÕߵĴʻãÄÜÁ¦Ò²Ìá³öÁ˸ü¸ßµÄÒªÇó¡£ByÒÔÇ°½á¹¹ÎÞÐè½âÊÍ£¬byÒÔºóÓÐÁ½¸ö×÷½é´Ê±öÓï¶ÌÓïµÄ¶¯Ãû´Ê½á¹¹£¬measuringºÍºóÃæ±íʾ²¢ÁкÍ˳½ÓµÄand thenÖ®ºóµÄcomputing£¬ËµµÄÊǼÆËã·½·¨£»Ç°Ò»¸ömeasuring˵µÄÊÇÏÈËã³öʵÑéÊÒÖи¡Óζ¯ÎïÆ·Öֵĵ¥Î»²¶Ê³ËÙÂÊ£¬ºóÃæµÄcomputingÇ°ÆäʵʡÂÔÁËÒ»¸öby£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕâ¸ö¶¯Ãû´Ê½á¹¹Öл¹°üÀ¨Ò»¸ö·Ö´Ê½á¹¹using the known population density of grazers£¬ÓÃÒÑÖªµÄ²¶Ê³ÕßµÄÖÖȺÃܶȼÆËã³öÆäÒ°ÍâµÄȺÌ岶ʳËÙÂÊ¡£Õû¸öµÄbyÒÔºóµÄ¼ÆËã¹ý³Ì¼òµ¥Á˾ÍÊÇ£ºÊµÑéÊÒµ¥Î»ËÙÂÊ¡ÁÒ°ÍâÃܶȣ½Ò°ÍâȺÌåËÙÂÊÁíÍâ±¾¾äÖеĴʻãÒ²ÆÄÓÐÃÔ»óÐÔ£»ËäȻûÓÐÌ«Äѵĵ¥´Ê£¬µ«ÊǺܶ൥´Ê¶¼ÊÇͬÒå´ÊºÍ·´Òå´Ê£¬ÈÝÒ×ÈÃÈ˶Á»ì£»£¨Ð±Ïß·Ö¸ôͬÒå´Ê£¬Ã°ºÅ·Ö¸ô·´Òå´Ê£© estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºStudies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of¡¡individual zooplankton species in the¡¡laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions¡¡using the known population density¡¡of grazers.

32. In the periods¡¡of peak zooplankton abundance£¬that is£¬in the late spring and in the summer£¬¡¡¡¡Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates£¬for nutrient-poor¡¡lakes and bog lakes£¬respectively£¬of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. £¨3+£©
ÔÚ¸¡Óζ¯ÎïÊýÁ¿¼¤ÔöµÄ¸ß·åÆÚ£¬Ò༴ÔÚ´º¼¾ºóÆÚÒÔ¼°Ïļ¾£¬¹þÄá¼Ç¼ÁË×î´ó³Ì¶ÈÉϵÄÿÈÕȺÂäʳ²Ý±ÈÂÊ£¬¶ÔÓÚÓªÑøÎï²»³ä×ãµÄºþºÍÕÓÔóºþ¶øÑÔ£¬·Ö±ðΪÿÈÕ¸¡ÓÎÖ²Îï·±Ö³Á¿µÄ6.6%ºÍ114%.
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºIn the periods¡¡of ¡¡peak zooplankton abundance£¬that is£¬in the late spring and in the summer£¬Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates£¬for nutrient-poor¡¡lakes and bog lakes£¬respectively£¬of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

33. The hydrologic cycle£¬a major topic in this science£¬is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes£¬beginning as atmospheric water vapor£¬passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation£¬thence along and into the ground surface£¬and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. £¨4£© Ë®ÎÄÑ­»·£¨hydrologic cycle£©£¬×÷Ϊ¸Ãѧ¿ÆÖеÄÒ»¸öÖ÷Òª¿ÎÌ⣬ָµÄÊÇË®Ëù¾­¹ýµÄÖîÏÖÏóµÄÕû¸öÑ­»·¹ý³Ì£¬¿ªÊ¼Ê±ÊÇ×÷Ϊ´óÆøÖеÄË®ÕôÆø£¬×ª¶ø×÷ΪÓꡢѩ¡¢Â¶¡¢±¢Ò»ÀàµÄ½µË®Á¿¾­¹ýÒºÌåºÍ¹ÌÌåÐÎ̬£¬Óɴ˶øÑØ×ŵزã±íÃæ·Ö²¼»ò½øÈëµØ²ã±íÃ棬×îÖÕͨ¹ýÕô·¢ºÍÉ¢·¢×÷ÓÃÔٶȻظ´µ½´óÆøË®ÕôÆøµÄÐÎ̬¡£
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½âÊÍ£ºbeginning¿ªÊ¼µÄһϵÁзִʶ¼ÊÇÐÞÊÎÖ÷ÓïThe hydrologic cycleµÄ£¬·Ö±ðÊÇbeginning/passing/passing/returning¡£ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬thence along and into the grund surfacee ÊÇthence passing along and entering into the ground surfaceeµÄÊ¡ÂÔÐÎʽ£¬µ«ÊÇ¿´ÉÏÈ¥Òâ˼ȴºÜÇå³þ¡£ÀàËÆÕâÑùµÄÊ¡ÂÔ£¬ÊdzöÌâÕߺÏÀíµØÀûÓÃÁËÊ¡ÂÔÀ´´ïµ½¸Ä±àѧÊõÂÛÎÄʱѹËõÎÄÕÂƪ·ùµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThe hydrologic cycle£¬a major topic in this science£¬is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes£¬beginning as atmospheric water vapor£¬passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation£¬thence along and into the ground surface£¬and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.£¨4£© Ö»Óе±Ò»¸öϵͳӵÓÐ×ÔÈ»µÄ»òÈ˹¤Ðγɵı߽çÀ´°Ñ±ß½çÖеÄË®ÓëË®ÎÄÑ­»·ÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄʱºò£¬²ÅÓпÉÄÜ°ÑÕû¸öµÄϵͳǡµ±µÄ³ÉΪÓëË®ÎĵØÖÊѧÓйØ¡£
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ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºOnly when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890¡¯s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing¡¡steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the¡¡¡¡closing of the internal frontier--that is£¬the depletion of available new land¡¡needed for further expansion of the American farming system. £¨4£© ʷѧ¼Ò¸¥À×µÂÀï¿Ë.½Ü.ÌØÄÉ£¨Frederick J.Turner£©ÓÚÊ®¾ÅÊÀ¼Í¾ÅÊ®Äê´úÖøÊöµÀ£¬ÃÀ¹úÔ¼×Ô18ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´úÒÔÀ´Ò»Ö±ÔÚ³ÖÐø²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹µÄÅ©Ãñ²»Âú£¬ÓÉÓÚ¹úÄÚ±ßÔ¶µØÇø£¨internal frontier£©µÄ·â±Õ¶ø¸üÇ÷¼Ó¾ç--Ò༴ÊÇ˵£¬ÃÀ¹úũҵϵͳ½øÒ»²½À©Õ¹Ëù±ØÐèµÄ¿É×ÊÀûÓõÄÐÂÍÁµØ¼¸½üºÄ½ß¡£
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½âÊÍ£ºµäÐ͵ľä×ÓÌ×¾ä×Ó¡£Ö÷¾äÊÇF.J.T. wrote that£¬±öÓï´Ó¾äÖÐÖ÷¸ÉÊÇthe agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier£¬ÔÚ´Ó¾äµÄÖ÷Óïthe agrarian discontentºóÃæÓÖÀ´ÁËÒ»¸ö¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä¡£
ÒâȺѵÁ·£ºThe historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890¡¯s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing¡¡steadily in the United States ¡¡since about 1870 had been precipitated by the¡¡¡¡closing of the internal frontier--that is£¬the depletion of available new land¡¡needed for further expansion of the American farming system
36. In the early 1950¡¯s£¬historians who studied preindustrial Europe £¨which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800£© began£¬ for the first time in large numbers£¬to¡¡¡¡investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political¡¡and social elite£ºthe kings£¬generals£¬judges£¬nobles£¬bishops£¬and local¡¡magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. £¨4£©
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½âÊÍ£º¾ä×ÓÖÐÓÐÁ½¸ö²åÈëÓһ¸öÊǸúÔÚpreindustrial EuropeÖ®ºóµÄwhich we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,Õâ¸ö²åÈëÓïµÄÖ±½Ó×÷ÓÃÊǽâÊÍÇ°ÃæµÄpreindustrial EuropeµÄÄê´ú£¬¶øÆ𵽵Ŀ͹Û×÷ÓÃÔòÊÇ°ÑÖ÷¾äÖеÄÖ÷ÓïºÍνÓï·Ö¸îµÃºÜÔ¶£»µÚ¶þ¸ö²åÈëÓïÊÇÔÚbegan£¬for the first time in large numbers, to investingateÖм䣬°ÑÒ»¸öºÃºÃµÄbegan toնΪÁ½¶Î¡£ Õâ¾ä»°ÁíÍâÒ»¸öÄÑÒÔÀí½âµÄµØ·½ÊÇmore of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent£¬±íʾµÄÊÇÔÚ¹¤Òµ»¯ÒÔÇ°µÄÅ·ÖÞÈË¿ÚÖг¬¹ýÁËÄÇ2%µ½3%µÄÈË£¬Ò༴ռ97%µ½98%µÄÈËÃñȺÖÚ¡£
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