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1. howeverad.

±íʾ“È»¶ø£¬µ«ÊÇ”£¬ÔÚÍêÐÎÌî¿ÕÖУ¬howeverÈëÑ¡µÄ¸ÅÂÊÒªÔ¶Ô¶´óÓÚbut¡£howeverÓÐÌØÊâÓ÷¨£¬·Å¾äÖУ¬Ç°ºóÍùÍùÒª¼Ó¶ººÅ£»·Å¾äÊ×£¬ºóÃæÒª¼Ó¶ººÅ£»·Å¾äβ£¬Ç°ÃæÒª¼Ó¶ººÅ¡£ÓÐÀàËÆÓ÷¨µÄ´Ê»ò¶ÌÓﻹÓÐ for example£¬for instance£¬though£¨½öÏÞ¸±´Ê´ÊÐÔ£©£¬nevertheless£¬it turns out¡£ÀýÈ磺

The clock is old; it is, however, in good condition. £¨Î»ÓÚ¾äÖУ©Õâ×ùÖÓºÜÀÏÁË£¬µ«ÊÇ×´¿öÁ¼ºÃ¡£

2. ³£¼ûµÄÈò½×´Óï´Ó¾äµÄÒýµ¼´Ê

Ö÷ÒªÓУºalthough£¬though£¬even though£¬even if¡£ÀýÈ磺

a. Though/Althoughhe tried hard,£¨yet/still£©he failed. ¾¡¹ÜËûŬÁ¦È¥³¢ÊÔ£¬µ«»¹ÊÇʧ°ÜÁË¡£

b. The family is the essential presence—the thing that never leaves you, even ifyou find you have to leave it. ¼ÒÍ¥ÊDz»¿É»òȱµÄ——ËüÓÀÔ¶²»»áÀ뿪Ä㣬¼´Ê¹Äã·¢ÏÖÄã²»µÃ²»À뿪Ëü¡£

×¢Ò⣺µ±though/althoughÒýµ¼´Ó¾äʱ£¬Ö÷¾äÇ°²»¿ÉÓÃbut£¬µ«¿ÉÓÃyet/still¡£

3. yet/still/already

yet±íʾ“ÉУ¨Î´£©”£¬ÓëalreadyÏà¶Ô£¬³£ÓÃÓÚ·ñ¶¨¾äºÍÒÉÎʾä¡£alreadyµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ“ÒѾ­”£¬³£ÓÃÓڿ϶¨¾ä¡£still±íʾÎޱ仯µÄÑÓÐøÐÔ¡£ÀýÈ磺

The guests are already here. But the meat is not ready yet.It still has to be cooked for another five minutes. ¿ÍÈËÒѾ­µ½ÁË£¬µ«ÊÇÈ⻹ûÓÐ×¼±¸ºÃ£¬»¹ÒªÔÙìÀÎå·ÖÖÓ¡£

×¢Ò⣺alreadyż¶ûÒ²ÓÃÓÚÒÉÎʾ䣬¾ßÓГ¾ªÆ攵ÄÒâζ¡£ÀýÈ磺

Have you finished the work already? You are very speedy. ÄãµÄ»îÒѾ­¸ÉÍêÁË£¿ÄãµÄËÙ¶ÈÂù¿ìÂï¡£

4. becauseµÄÏà¹Ø¿¼µã

£¨1£©because£¬for£¬as£¬sinceµÄÇø±ð£¨Ïê¼ûÏÂÒ»½Ú“ÀûÓÃÂß¼­¹Øϵ½âÌ┲¿·Ö£©¡£

£¨2£©becauseºÍbecause ofµÄÇø±ðÔÚÓÚ£¬becauseÊÇÁ¬´Ê£¬ºóÃæ¸ú¾ä×Ó£¬because ofÊǽé´Ê£¬ºóÃæ¸úÃû´Ê£¬ÕâÊÇÓ¢Ó¶þ£©´ó¸ÙÑùÌâÖеĿ¼µã¡£

£¨3£©becauseµÄͬÒå´ÊÊÇinthat£¬ÕâÊÇÓ¢Óһ£©ÕæÌâµÄ¿¼µã¡£

5. whileµÄÓ÷¨

£¨1£©whileλÓÚ¾äÊ×£¬Ò»°ã±íʾ“¾¡¹Ü……”£¬Òýµ¼Èò½×´Óï´Ó¾ä¡£

a. While I sympathize with £¨Í¬Ò⣩your point of view, I cannot accept it. ¾¡¹ÜÎÒͬÒâÄãµÄ¹Ûµã£¬µ«ÊÇÎÒ²»ÄܽÓÊÜ¡£

b. While he has time, it doesn't mean he has capacity and patience. ¾¡¹ÜËûÓÐʱ¼ä£¬µ«²¢²»Òâζ×ÅËûÓÐÄÜÁ¦ºÍÄÍÐÄ¡£

£¨2£©when/while/asµÄÇø±ð

when¿É±íʾ´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ÓëÖ÷¾ä¶¯×÷ͬʱ·¢Éú£¬»òÏÈÓÚÖ÷¾ä¶¯×÷¶ø·¢Éú¡£while½ö±íʾ´Ó¾äµÄ¶¯×÷ÓëÖ÷¾äµÄ¶¯×÷ͬʱ·¢Éú£¬²¢ÇÒÓÐÑÓÐøµÄº¬Ò壬Òò´Ë£¬´Ó¾äËùÓõÄνÓﶯ´Ê³£³£ÊÇÑÓÐøÐԵġ£as±íʾ´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ÓëÖ÷¾ä¶¯×÷²¢Áз¢Éú£¬ËùÒÔ³£³£ÒëΪ“Ò»±ß……Ò»±ß……”£¬ÓÐʱҲ¿É±íʾ´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ÏÈÓÚÖ÷¾ä¶¯×÷¶ø·¢Éú¡£´Óʱ¼äÉÏÀ´Ëµ£¬when¿ÉÖ¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£¬Ò²¿Éָʱ¼äµã£»while½ö¿ÉÖ¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£»asÖ÷ÒªÖ¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£¬ºÍwhenÒ»ÑùÒ²¿Éָʱ¼äµã¡£ÀýÈ磺

When£¨While/As£©I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of No.37.£¨Ö¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£©

µ±ÎÒÑØ׎ÖÍùÇ°×ßµÄʱºò£¬ÎÒ·¢ÏÖ37ºÅÃÅÇ°Í£×ÅÒ»Á¾¾¯³µ¡£

When John arrived, I was cooking lunch.£¨Ö¸Ê±¼äµã£©

Ô¼º²À´µÄʱºò£¬ÎÒÕýÔÚ×öÎç·¹¡£

Whenthey heard the news, they were much alarmed.£¨´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ÏÈÓÚÖ÷¾ä¶¯×÷£©

Ìýµ½Õâ¸öÏûÏ¢£¬ËûÃǷdz£¾ª¿Ö¡£

While she sang, she danced.£¨Ö¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£»Ö÷¡¢´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ͬʱ·¢Éú£©

ËýÒ»±ß³ª¸èÒ»±ßÌøÎè¡£

While the child was playing with his toys, his parents were reading books.£¨Ö¸Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£»Ö÷¡¢´Ó¾ä¶¯×÷ͬʱ·¢Éú£©

ÄǸöº¢×ÓÔÚÍæÍæ¾ß£¬ËûµÄ¸¸Ä¸ÔÚ¿´Êé¡£

They shouted slogans asthey passed the square.£¨Ö¸²¢Áз¢ÉúµÄ¶¯×÷£©

ËûÃǸߺô×Å¿ÚºÅͨ¹ý¹ã³¡¡£

As£¨When£©he stood up, he dropped the glass.£¨Ö¸Ê±¼äµã£©

ËûÕ¾ÆðÀ´µÄʱºò°Ñ±­×ÓÅöµôÁË¡£

×¢Ò⣺

¢ÙwhenÓÐʱ¿ÉÓÃ×÷²¢ÁÐÁ¬´Ê£¬±íʾ“¾ÍÔÚÄÇʱ”£¨justatthattime£©¡£¸ÃÓ÷¨¾­³£×÷Ϊ¿¼µã³öÏÖÔÚ¸÷ÀàÓ¢ÓïˮƽöλÔÓéÀֵǼÈë¿ÚÏÂÔØÖУ¬¹ÊÓ¦ÒýÆð¿¼ÉúµÄ×¢Òâ¡£¸ÃÓ÷¨¾­³£³öÏÖÔÚÒÔϽṹÖУº

be doing sth.when...

be about to do sth.when...

had hardly/almost done sth.when...

¢ÚwhileÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷²¢ÁÐÁ¬´Ê£¬Ï൱ÓÚwhereas£¬Á¬½ÓÒ»¸ö±íʾ¶Ô±ÈµÄ²¢Áз־ä¡£ÀýÈ磺

You like sports while I'd like to read.

Äãϲ»¶ÌåÓý¶øÎÒϲ»¶¶ÁÊé¡£

ÓÐʱ£¬whileÁ¬½ÓµÄ´ËÀà¾ä×Ó·ÅÔÚ¾äÊ×£¬µ«ÈÔ±íʾ²¢ÁйØϵ¡£ÀýÈ磺

While their country has plenty of oil, ours h as none.

ËûÃǹú¼ÒÓкܶàʯÓÍ£¬¿ÉÊÇÎÒÃǹú¼ÒÒ»µã¶ùҲûÓС£

£¨3£©while¿ÉÒÔÒýµ¼Ê¡ÂÔ¾ä

whileÒýµ¼Ê¡ÂÔʽµÄ×´Óï´Ó¾äµÄÌõ¼þ£º

a. ´Ó¾äÖ÷ÓïÓëÖ÷¾äÖ÷ÓïÏàÒ»ÖÂ

b. ´Ó¾äÊÇϵ±í½á¹¹

ͬʱÂú×ãÒÔÉÏÁ½¸öÌõ¼þÖ®ºó£¬¿ÉÊ¡È¥´Ó¾äÖеÄÖ÷ÓïºÍϵ¶¯´Ê¡£ÀýÈ磺

He will go to schoolwhilehe is ill. Õâ¾ä»°×îºÃ¸ÄΪHe will go to schoolwhileill.

ÎÒÃÇÒÔ1997ÄêÊÔÌâΪÀý£º

The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive ¡¡48¡¡ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans.

A. but

B. while

C. and

D. whereas

±¾ÌâÑ¡B¡£±íʾÖ÷¾äµÄ¶¯×÷ºÍ´Ó¾äµÄ¶¯×÷ͬʱ½øÐÐʱ£¬“while+doing”¿ÉÒÔ¿´×÷Ò»¸ö¹Ì¶¨½á¹¹£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏwhileºóÃæÊ¡ÂÔÁËthe phenomenonis¡£ÕâÀï²»ÊǶÔÁ¢Çé¿ö£¬Òò´ËwhereasºÍbut²»¿ÉÑ¡£»ÕâÀïËäΪ²¢ÁÐÇé¿ö£¬µ«and²»·ûºÏÓï·¨¡£whileÊdz£¿¼¿¼µã£¬Ó¦¸Ã×¢Ò⣡

6. for example

Òâ˼ÊÇ“ÀýÈ産¬·Å¾äÖÐʱǰºó¼Ó¶ººÅ£»·Å¾äÊ×ʱºóÃæ¼Ó¶ººÅ£»·Å¾äβʱǰÃæ¼Ó¶ººÅ¡£

ÎÒÃÇÒÔ2003ÄêÊÔÌâΪÀý£º

However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, ¡¡28¡¡, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.

A. in effect

B. as aresult

C. for example

D. in a sense

28Ìâ¿Õ°×´¦Ç°Ãæ˵µÄÊÇʤÕ߶à¶ø°ÜÕßÉٵĻ£¬ÏÂÎÄÁоÙÁ˾ßÌåµÄ»î¶¯£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵ǰÃæÊÇ×ÛÊö£¬ºóÃæÊÇʵÀý£¬¿Õ¸ñËùÌî´ÊÓ¦¸Ã±íʾÀýÖ¤µÄ¹Øϵ£¬¹ÊCÏî“ÀýÈç”ÕýÈ·¡£ÆäÓàÈýÏî¾ùÎÞ´ËÒ⣺AÏî“ʵ¼ÊÉÏ”£»BÏá¹û”£»DÏî“ÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ”¡£

7. sinceprep./conj.

“ÒòΪ£¬¼ÈÈ»£»×Ô´Ó”¡£Õâ¸ö´ÊÔÚÍêÐÎÌî¿ÕÖгöÏÖµÄƵÂʷdz£¸ß£¬Òź¶µÄÊÇ£¬µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹»¹Ã»ÓÐÈëÑ¡¹ý¡£ÎÒÃÇÀ´Ñо¿Ò»ÏÂËüÔÚʲôÇé¿öÏÂÈëÑ¡£¬ÏÈ¿´ÏÂÃæÁ½¸öÀý¾ä£º

a. I've worked in this company since 1980. ÎÒ´Ó1980ÄêÆð¾ÍÔÚÕâ¼Ò¹«Ë¾¹¤×÷¡£

b. I've worked inth is company since I left school.£¨´Ó¾äÓÃÒ»°ã¹ýȥʱ£©ÎÒ´ÓѧУ±ÏÒµºó¾ÍÔÚÕâ¼Ò¹«Ë¾¹¤×÷¡£

×¢Ò⣺²»ÄÜ˵since three years£¬¶øҪ˵since three years ago¡£

ͨ¹ýÑо¿ÎÒÃÇ·¢ÏÖ£¬sinceµÄ³£¼ûÓ÷¨ÊÇÁ¬½ÓÏÖÔÚÍê³ÉʱºÍÒ»°ã¹ýȥʱ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵¿ÕÇ°¿ÕºóÈç¹û³öÏÖÕâÁ½ÖÖʱ̬£¬ÊÇÓпÉÄÜÑ¡sinceµÄ¡£

8. lestconj.

“Ψ¿Ö£¬ÒÔÃ⣬ÃâµÃ”£¬ÓÃÓÚfear»òbe afraidÖ®ºó£¬ÀàËÆÓÚthat¡£ÀýÈ磺

Be carefullestyou fall from that tree. Òªµ±ÐÄ£¬ÒÔÃâ´ÓÊ÷ÉÏˤÏÂÀ´¡£

I was afraidlesthe might come too late. ÎÒÅÂËûÀ´µÃÌ«Íí¡£

Èôin case/lestÒýµ¼µÄ´Ó¾äÉæ¼°ÐéÄâÓïÆø£¬Òª¸úshould+¶¯´ÊÔ­ÐΡ£

9. if only=I wish



¿É¼û£¬if onlyËù½ÓµÄʱֻ̬ÄÜÊǹýȥʱ£¬¶øÌâÄ¿µ±ÖеÄʱ̬ÍùÍùÊÇÒ»°ãÏÖÔÚʱ£¬²»Êǹýȥʱ£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÄÜÑ¡¡£

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10. asto

£¨1£©with regard to¹ØÓÚ

We are puzzled as to how it happened. ¹ØÓÚËüÊÇÈçºÎ·¢ÉúµÄ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜÃÔ»ó¡£

£¨2£©according to°´ÕÕ

Candidates were chosen as to ability. ºòÑ¡ÕßÊǸù¾ÝÄÜÁ¦Ñ¡³öµÄ¡£

11. what´Ó¾ä

£¨1£©whatÖ»ÄÜÒýµ¼Ö÷¡¢±ö¡¢±íÓï´Ó¾ä£»

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£¨3£©whatºóÃæµÄ´Ó¾äͨ³£²»ÍêÕû¡£

Ïà¹Ø֪ʶ£º

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¶þ¡¢ÍêÐÎÌî¿ÕÀúÄêÕæÌâ³£¿¼µÄ´ÊÓï´îÅäÓëÏ°Óï

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hitting£¨aplateau£©£¨µÚ20Ì⣩

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misleading£¨interpretations£©£¨µÚ14Ì⣩

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above all Ê×ÏÈ£»Ê×Òª£¨2009,18£©

according to ¸ù¾Ý£¨2014,12£©

apart from ³ý……Ö®Í⣨2014,12£©

as a result ½á¹û£¨2012,20£©

at first Æð³õ£»ÆðÏÈ£¨2005,12£©

a big picture ÕûÌåÇé¿ö£¬È«¾Ö£¨2013,3£©