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II. Reading Comprehension

Part B

Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) __________.

    Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

    42)__________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

    43)________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

    44)________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

    45)________.

    About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, are formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, the in the air.

[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impressions, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

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¡¡¡¡42£®±¾Ì⿼²éÑ°ÕÒÌØÕ÷´ÊµÄÄÜÁ¦¡£ÔÚ¸ÃÌâÖУ¬¸ù¾Ý¾Í½üÔ­ÔòÔÚ¸ÃÌâºóµÄ¾ä×ÓÖÐÕÒµ½¡°the fossils¡±ºÍ¡°water action¡±ÎªÌØÕ÷´Ê¡£¡°the fossils¡±ËµÃ÷¡° fossils¡±Ò»´ÊÊÇÖÁÉÙÊǵڶþ´Î³öÏÖ£¬ÒòΪËüÇ°Ãæ¼ÓÁ˶¨¹Ú´Êthe£¬Í¨¹ý×Ðϸ¹Û²ì²¢²»ÄÑ·¢ÏÖ£¬42ÒÔ¼°ÆäÇ°ÃæµÄÄÚÈÝÖж¼Ã»ÓÐfossils£¬Õâ¾ÍÈ·¶¨fossilsÒ»´Ê±Ø¶¨³öÏÖÔÚ41£¬42ÖС£¸ù¾ÝÒâȺÏàÒ»ÖÂÔ­Ôò£¬ÔÚ42Öбض¨ÒªÓë¡°water action¡±Í¬ÏÖ»ò¸´ÏÖµÄÓïÑԵ㡣×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬Ö»ÓÐͬʱÂú×ãÒÔÉÏÁ½¸öÌõ¼þµÄÑ¡Ïî²ÅÊÇÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£ËäÈ»GÏîÒ»¿ªÊ¼¾ÍÓС°how fossils are preserved¡±£¬ÓëÉÏÎĺÍÏÂÎÄËƺõ¶¼ÊÇÏàÎǺϵģ»µ«ÊÇGÏîºóÃæ½²µÄÊǶ¯ÎïÒÅÌåÉϵÄÓлú×éÖ¯¡°organism¡±¿ÉÄÜת´ï»¯³É¼¸ÖÖÐÎʽ£¬¶ø±¾Ìâ¿Õ°×´¦ºóÃæµÄÄÚÈÝÔò¸æËßÈËÃÇ¡°Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action¡±(ÑÒʯÖм¸ºõËùÓеĻ¯Ê¯¶¼ÊÇÓÉÓÚË®×÷ÓÃÄàɳ¶ÔÓÚ»¯Ê¯±£´æÏÂÀ´ËùÆðµÄ×÷ÓáªÓëÉÏÏÂÎÄÏà·ûºÏ¡£

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¡¡¡¡45£®¸ÃÌâÄ¿ÊÇÒ»µÀ¼òµ¥ÊÔÌ⣬һ·½ÃæÕâÊÇÒ»µÀ¶ÎÂäÌ⣬Õâ¾Í¾ö¶¨ÁËÓпÉÄÜÑ¡×µÄÑ¡ÏîΪ´ð°¸£¬ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ¸ù¾Ý¾Í½üÔ­ÔòÔÚÏÂÒ»¶ÎÊ×¾äÖз¢ÏÖµÄAbout 75 million years ago³ÉΪÎÒÃǽâÌâµÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£´ÓÎÄÕµÄÕûÌå½á¹¹¿´£¬ÕâÀïÐèÒªÒ»¸öÄÚÈݵġ°¸ß³±¡±£ºÇ°Ã漸¶Î£¬¶¯ÎﶼÔÚ²»¶ÏµÄ½ø»¯£¬¶øÏÂÎÄÖС°About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over¡±£¬ÕâÀïÐèÒªÓÐÒ»¸ö¡°½»´ú¡±¡£Ö»ÓÐCÏî·ûºÏÕâÒ»Ìõ¼þ£»Í¬Ê±£¬¡°reptile¡±ÔÚ±¾Ìâ¿Õ°×´¦Ç°ÎÄÕÂÖдÓûÓÐÌáµ½£¬ÔÚÏÂÎÄÖÐÓÖûÓÐ×÷ΪÐÂÐÅÏ¢£¬Òò¶ø×÷ΪÕýÈ·´ð°¸µÄÑ¡ÏîÖÐÒ»¶¨ÓÐÕâ¸ö´Ê£¬Ö»ÓÐCÏîÖÐÓС°The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air¡±¡£ËùÒÔÕýÈ·´ð°¸Ö»ÄÜÊÇC¡£

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Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on AHSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

¡¡¡¡Canada¡¯s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

¡¡¡¡They¡¯re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

¡¡¡¡What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care¡ª to say nothing of reports from other experts ¡ª recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

¡¡¡¡But ¡°national¡± doesn¡¯t have to mean that. ¡°National¡± could mean interprovincial ¡ª provinces combining efforts to create one body.

¡¡¡¡Either way, one benefit of a ¡°national¡± organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province ¡ª or a series of hospitals within a province ¡ª negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

¡¡¡¡Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

¡¡¡¡A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.

¡¡¡¡A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That¡¯s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn¡¯t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.

¡¡¡¡Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow¡¯s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: ¡°A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.¡±

    So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.

[A] Quebec¡¯s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec¡¯s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!

[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby¡¯s report: ¡°The substantial buying power or such an agency would strengthen the pubic prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.

[C] What does ¡°national¡± mean? Roy Romano and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, Prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn¡¯t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

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