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Fair and square

Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness

EVERYBODY loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as ¡°all too human¡±, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys, which have all the necessary ingredients to capture the public imagination. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their finicky female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ¡°goods and services¡± than males (although why this is so remains a mystery).

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan's and Dr de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to swap pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (in the absence of an actual monkey able to eat it) was enough to induce sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.

Dr Brosnan and Dr de Waal report that such behaviour is unusual in their trained monkeys. During two years of bartering prior to these experiments, failure to exchange tokens for food occurred in fewer than 5% of trials. And what made the behaviour even more extraordinary was that these monkeys forfeited food that they could see¡ªand which they would have readily accepted in almost any other set of circumstances.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35m years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

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21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A] posing a contrast.

[B] justifying an assumption.

[C] making a comparison.

[D] explaining a phenomenon.

[ÆÊÎö] ÕâÊÇÒ»µÀÖ÷Ö¼Ì⣬ÄѶȺܴó¡£ÄѶÈϵÊýΪ0.246(¼´Ö»ÓÐ24.6%µÄ¿¼Éú´ð¶Ô´ËÌâ)¡£ÎÊÌâÊÇ¡°×÷ÕßÒ»¶ÎÒý³öÖ÷ÌâµÄ·½Ê½¡±ÊÇʲô£¬ÕâµÈÓÚÎÊÒ»¶ÎµÄд×÷·½·¨ºÍÎÄÕ½ṹ¡£Ò»¶ÎÏȸø³öÒ»¸öÏÖÏó£ºÒ»¸öÈËÁ˽⵽ÀÁÉ¢µÄ£¨slack£©Í¬Ê±È×Ô¼ºµÃµ½µÄ¼Óн¸ü¶àʱ£¬»á´ó·¢À×öª£¨outraged£©£¬¶øÇÒÒ»°ãÈËÈÏΪֻÓÐÈ˶ÔÓÚÕâÖÖ²»¹«Æ½´ýÓöÓÐÔ¹ºÞ¸Ð£¨sense of grievance£©¡£×÷Õß½Ó×ÅÖ¸³öÒ»¸öÑо¿±íÃ÷ºï×ÓÒ²ÓÐÕâÖÖÐÄÀí£¨it is all too monkey, as well£©¡£Óɴ˿ɼû×÷Õßͨ¹ýÈ˺ͺï×ÓµÄÀà±ÈÒý³öÎÄÕµÄÖ÷Ìâ¡£C¡°±È½Ï£¨È˺ͺï×Ó£©¶þÕßµÄÏàËÆÖ®´¦¡±·ûºÏ´ËÒ⣬ΪÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£A¡°Ìá³öÒ»¸ö¶Ô±È¡±Óë×÷ÕßµÄд×÷·½·¨Ïà·´¡£B¡°Ö¤Ã÷Ò»¸ö¼ÙÉèºÏÀí¡±ºÍD¡°½âÊÍÒ»¸öÏÖÏ󡱶¼Óë×÷ÕßÔÚÒ»¶ÎÔËÓõÄд×÷·½·¨²»·û£¬ËùÒÔ¶¼ÊǸÉÈÅÑ¡Ïî¡£

22.The statement ¡°it is all too monkey¡± (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys¡¯ nature.

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

[ÆÊÎö] ÕâÊÇÒ»µÀ¾ä×ÓÀí½âÌâ¡£ÎÊÌâ¶ÔÓ¦Ò»¶ÎÄ©¾ä£ºµ«ÊÇÒ»¸öÑо¿¡­±íÃ÷ÕâÖÖÇé¸Ð£¨Ö¸ÉÏÎÄËù˵µÄsense of grievance---²»Æ½¸Ð£©Ò²ÊÇ¡°ºïÖ®³£Ç顱£¨it is all too monkey£©¡£×÷ÕßÔÚÎÄÕ¿ªÊ¼Ö¸³öÈ˶Բ»¹«Æ½´ýÓöÓÐίÇü¸Ð£¬½Ó×ÅÖ¸³öºï×ÓÒ²¾ßÓÐÕâÖָоõ¡£B¡°Ô¹ºÞ²»¹«Æ½Ò²ÊǺï×ӵı¾ÐÔ¡±·ûºÏ´ËÒ⣬ΪÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£A¡°ºï×Ó¶ÔÓÚÀÁÉ¢µÄ¶ÔÊÖÒ²»á¿ñÅ­¡±Ö»ÊÇ˵µ½Á˱íÃæÏÖÏ󣬲¢Î´Ö¸³öÓëÈ˵ÄÀà±ÈËù½ÒʾµÄ¸üÉîµÄµÀÀí---ÕâÒ²ÊǺï×ӵı¾ÐÔ¡£C¡°ºï×ÓÏñÈËÒ»Ñù£¬Ò²³£³£Ï໥¼µ¶Ê¡±ÓëÔ­ÎIJ»·û£¬ÒòΪԭÎÄ˵µÄÊÇίÇü¸Ð£¬¶ø²»ÊǼµ¶ÊÕâÖÖÐÄÀí¡£DÑ¡ÏîÓëÔ­ÎÄÏàì¶Ü£¬ÒòΪÈËÒ²ÓÐÕâÖָоõ¡£±¾Ìâ½ÏÄÑ£¬ÄѶÈϵÊýΪ0.368¡£

23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B] attentive to researchers¡¯ instructions.

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D] more generous than their male companions.

[ÆÊÎö] ÕâÊÇÒ»µÀÊÂʵϸ½ÚÌâ¡£ÎÊÌâÊÇ¡°Ñ¡ÓÃfemale capuchin monkeys×öÑо¿£¬×îÓпÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪËüÃǾßÓÐʲôÌص㡱¡£¸ù¾ÝÎÊÌâÖеĹؼü´Êfemale capuchin monkeys¶¨Î»Ô­ÎĶþ¶Î£¬¶þ¶ÎÃèÊöÁËfemale capuchin monkeysÊʺÏÓÚ×öÑо¿µÄÌص㣬ÆäÖжþ¶ÎÄ©¾äÖ¸³öÁËËüÃÇ×îÖØÒªµÄÌص㣺×îÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ËüÃÇÏñÈËÀàµÄ´ÆÐÔÒ»Ñù£¬±ÈÐÛÐÔ¸ü×ÐϸµØ¹Ø×¢¡°²úÆ·ºÍ·þÎñ¡±µÄ¼ÛÖµ¡£A¡°¸üÇãÏòÓÚȨºâËüÃÇËù»ñµÃµÄ¶«Î÷¡±·ûºÏ´ËÒ⣬ΪÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£×¢Ò⣺AÑ¡ÏîÖеÄmore inclined¶ÔÓ¦¶þ¶ÎÄ©¾äÖеÄtend to£¬weigh¶ÔÓ¦Ô­ÎÄÖеÄpay attention to£¬what they get ¶ÔÓ¦Ô­ÎÄÖеÄgoods and services¡£C¡°Íâ±íºÍÆ¢Æø¶¼ºÜºÃ¡±ÔÚ¶þ¶ÎÖÐÌá¹ý£¬µ«²»ÊÇfemale capuchin monkeysµÄÖ÷ÒªÌص㣬ÓëÌâÒâ²»·û£¬ËùÒÔÊǸÉÈÅÑ¡Ïî¡£±¾ÌâÄѶÈÒ²½Ï´ó£¬ÄѶÈϵÊýΪ0.383¡£

24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B] can be taught to exchange things.

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D] are unhappy when separated from others.

[ÆÊÎö] ÕâÊÇÒ»µÀÊÂʵϸ½ÚÌâ¡£ÎÊÌâÊÇ¡°Dr. BrosnanºÍDr. De Waal×îÖÕÔÚÑо¿Öз¢ÏÖÁ˺ï×ÓµÄʲôÌص㡱¡£eventually£¨×îÖÕ£©Õâ¸ö´ÊÌáʾÕâµÀÌâʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÎʸÃÑо¿µÄ½áÂÛ¡£±¾ÎÄÈý¶ÎºÍËĶÎÂÛÊöÑо¿µÄ¾ßÌåÄÚÈÝ£¬Ä©¶Î×ܽáÁËÑо¿½áÂÛ¡£C¡°ºï×ÓÈç¹û¸Ð¾õ±»Æ­¾Í²»ÔÙºÏ×÷¡±¶ÔӦĩ¶ÎµÚÈý¾ä¡°Ö»Óе±Ã¿Ö»ºï×ӸоõûÓб»Æ­Ê±£¬ÕâÀàºÏ×÷²ÅÓпÉÄܱ£³ÖÎȶ¨¡±£¬ÎªÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£AÑ¡ÏîºÍBÑ¡Ï²»ÊÇÑо¿ÈËÔ±µÄ·¢ÏÖ£¬¶øÊÇ×÷ÕßÔÚËĶγÂÊöµÄÊÂʵ¡£DÑ¡ÏîÔÚÔ­ÎÄûÓÐÃ÷È·Ìáµ½£¬¸ü²»ÊÇÑо¿ÈËÔ±µÄ·¢ÏÖ¡£±¾ÌâÄѶȽÏС£¬ÄѶÈϵÊýΪ0.805£¨¼´ÓÐ80.5%µÄ¿¼Éú´ð¶Ô´ËÌ⣩¡£

25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

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