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¡¡In those parts of the planet that might once have been described as Christendom, this week marks the season of peace on Earth and goodwill towards men. A nice idea in a world more usually thought of as seasoned by the survival of the fittest. But goodwill and collaboration are as much part of the human condition as ill-will and competition. And that was a puzzle to 19th-century disciples of Charles Darwin, such as Herbert Spencer.
¡¡¡¡It was Spencer, an early contributor to The Economist, who invented that poisoned phrase,survival of the fittest. He originally applied it to the winnowing of firms in the harsh winds of high- Victorian capitalism, but when Darwin's masterwork, On the Origin of Species, was published, he quickly saw the parallel with natural selection and transferred his bon mot to the process of evolution, As a result, he became one of the band of philosophers known as social Darwinists. Capitalists all, they took what they thought were the lessons of Darwin's book and applied them to human society. Their hard-hearted conclusion, of which a 17th-century religious puritan might have been proud, was that people got what they deserved--albeit that the criterion of desert was genetic, rather than moral. ~ The fittest not only survived, but prospered. Moreover, the social Darwinists thought that measures to help the poor were wasted, since such people were obviously unfit and thus doomed to sink.
¡¡¡¡Sadly, the slur stuck. For 100 years Darwinism was associated with a particularly harsh and unpleasant view of the world and, worse, one that was clearly not true--at least, not the whole truth. People certainly compete, but they collaborate, too. They also have compassion for the fallen and frequently try to help them, rather than treading on them. For this sort of behaviour, On the Origin of Species had no explanation. As a result, Darwinism had to tiptoe round the issue of how human society and behaviour evolved. Instead, the disciples of a second 19th-century creed, Marxism, dominated academic sociology departments with their cuddly collectivist ideas--even if the practical application of those ideas has been even more catastrophic than social Darwinism was.¡¡[359 words]
¡¡¡¡1. It is implied in the text that______accords with the survival of the fittest.
¡¡¡¡A. the zeal for competition
¡¡¡¡B. the zeal for collaboration
¡¡¡¡C. the season of peace
¡¡¡¡D. the world of Christianity
¡¡¡¡2. It was Darwin who first put forward the idea of______
¡¡¡¡A. human species
¡¡¡¡B. natural selection
¡¡¡¡C. survival of the fittest
¡¡¡¡D. goodwill towards men
¡¡¡¡3. It is TRUE that______
¡¡¡¡A. people got what they deserved
¡¡¡¡B. there is no good helping the poor
¡¡¡¡C. the fittest survived, and prospered
¡¡¡¡D. Spencer was a famous philosopher
¡¡¡¡4. It is obvious that______is inconsistent with Darwinism.
¡¡¡¡A. the doom of the poor people
¡¡¡¡B. the prosperity of the rich people
¡¡¡¡C. the friendly social cooperation
¡¡¡¡D. the cruel trade competition
¡¡¡¡5. The author believes that______
¡¡¡¡A. social Darwinism is behind the times
¡¡¡¡B. neither Marxism nor social Darwinism is faultless
¡¡¡¡C. Marxism is superior to social Darwinism
¡¡¡¡D. Marxism is more practical than social Darwinism
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