¡¡Let¡¯s now briefly consider a generally honored but sometimes maligned type of scientist£¬the theorist£®Theorists are considered separately£¬since they are the rarest£¬most fascinatin9£¬and most important of the species sCientificus£®Their motivational system most often is that of the Player£¬although occasionally it is that of the Operator£®examda.
¡¡¡¡Although theorists are often viewed as cold£¬rational£¬deliberate machines£¬they are generally almost the opposite of this popular picture£®They are usually individuals of strong feelings who have the ego of actors and an irrational£¬almost mystic attachment to particular views of their discipline£®The appearance of cool deliberation is their public face£¬which often represents only their disdain for contact with the spectators£® examda.
¡¡¡¡There are important occupational differences between theorists and other scientists£®Theorists set the framework within which others do their research£®Those other than the theorists do the important work of filling in details of existing theories£®Nontheorists fulfill a relatively safe and useful function£® Their work contributes to science but does not threaten the individual scientist unless he or she happens to accumulate evidence contrary to the status qu0£®
¡¡¡¡What is the general personality makeup of theorists?Are they normal£¬neurotic£¬or even psychotic? They rarely fit the pattern of middle-class normality£¬and yet they are intensely in touch with their own reality£®Perhaps they don¡¯t fit any of the usual categories£®George Bernard Shaw once said¡°The reasonable mall adapts himself to the world£»the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself£®Therefore£¬all progress depends on the unreasonable man£®¡±Perhaps his message was to tolerate the dissenters£¬the faddists£¬the kooks£¬and in general those who disagree with what we know is right so long as they don¡¯t become tOO violent£®¢ÚTolerate them£¬not out of any sense of humanity but for crass self-interest£®A few of them are innovators£¬and society needs them infinitely more than they need society£® examda.
¡¡¡¡In reviewing all the groups of scientists and science-trained individuals we have encountered£¬we find a range of individuals spread over the whole spectrum of human behavior but with some important common characteristics£®¢ÜScientists are neither supermen nor naive children£®They are not foggily absent¡ªminded or unrealistic£»rather£¬many of the things they consider important and real are often quite different from those of the¡°everyday¡±world£® [389 words]
¡¡¡¡1£®A theorist pursues science primarily for______£®
¡¡¡¡A£®playing the game of science
¡¡¡¡B£®the benefits of humankind
¡¡¡¡C£®changing the world
¡¡¡¡D£®challenging the status quo
¡¡¡¡2£®It is generally thought that a theorist in science is an individual who is______£®
¡¡¡¡A£®both cold and rational
¡¡¡¡B£®both enthusiastic and irrational
¡¡¡¡C£®both neurotic and psychotic
¡¡¡¡D£®both self-important and self-righteous
¡¡¡¡3£®Scientific theorists are______
¡¡¡¡A£®rarely admired
¡¡¡¡B£®seldom discredited
¡¡¡¡C£®usually isolated from ordinary people
¡¡¡¡D£®1iving in a reality different from that of ordinary people
¡¡¡¡4£®Nontheorists in science are______£®
¡¡¡¡A£®usually absent¡ªminded or unrealistic
¡¡¡¡B£®never interested in scientific theories
¡¡¡¡C£®rarely interested in details of existing theories
¡¡¡¡D£®willing to do their work within the framework set by theorists
¡¡¡¡5£®In the author¡¯s opinion£¬______
¡¡¡¡A£®a scientist should never try to adapt himself to the world
¡¡¡¡B£®a nontheorist seldom tries to adapt the world to himself
¡¡¡¡C£®theorists contribute to the progress of human society
¡¡¡¡D£®theorists have little to do with the modern society
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¡¡¡¡¢ÙTheir work contributes to science but does not threaten the individual scientist-unless he or she happens to ac¡ª cumulate evidence(contrary to the status quo)]£® examda.
¡¡¡¡¡¾½á¹¹¡¿ÔÚ±¾¾äÖУ¬Ö÷¾äÖ÷ÓïÊÇ¡°their work¡±£¬Ö¸Ç°Ò»¾äËù˵µÄ¡°·ÇÀíÂۼҵĿÆѧ¹¤×÷ÕßËù´ÓÊµĹ¤×÷¡±£»Ö÷¾äνÓïÊÇÓÉ¡°hut¡±Á¬½ÓµÄÁ½¸ö²¢Áж¯´Ê¡°contributes¡±ºÍ¡°does not threaten¡±¡£Ô²À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ²¿·ÖÊÇÐÎÈݴʶÌÓÓÃ×öºóÖö¨ÓÐÞÊΡ°evidence¡±¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¾ÊÍÒå¡¿·ÇÀíÂۼҵĿÆѧ¹¤×÷Õß´ÓÊµĹ¤×÷¶Ô¿ÆѧÓÐËù¹±Ï×£¬µ«ÊDz»»á¶Ô¿Æѧ¼Ò¸öÈ˲úÉúÍþв£¬³ý·ÇËûÊÕ¼¯µÄÖ¤¾ÝÓëÏÖ×´½ØÈ»Ïà·´¡£
¡¡¡¡¢ÚPerhaps his message was to tolerate¡±the dissenters£¬the faddists£¬¡±the kooks£¬and in generalthose[who dis¡ª agree with(what<we know)is right)]Ò»[so long as they don¡¯t become too violent]£®examda.
¡¡¡¡¡¾½á¹¹¡¿¶¯´Ê²»¶¨Ê½¡°tO tolerate¡±ºóÃæ¸úÓÐËĸöÓÃÉϱêµÄÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µÄ²¢ÁбöÓï¡£µÚÒ»¸ö·½À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ²¿·ÖÊǶ¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬ÐÞÊΡ°those¡±¡£ÆÆÕۺźóÃæµÄµÚ¶þ¸ö·½À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ²¿·ÖÊÇ×´Óï´Ó¾ä£¬Æð²¹³ä˵Ã÷×÷Óá£
