¡¡¡¡Why is it that each of several persons who share a common situation or setting will develop different beliefs?Why do individuals consider their beliefs true and others¡¯beliefs false?Why do they value one thing as ugly while others value the same thing as beautiful?Or judge something or someone morally good or bad?Or accept something as real or not real?Why are we happy or unhappy?Can one of us contribute to the happiness of others?How do we learn to enjoy life?As we think about these kinds of questions£¬we are engaging in philosophical activity£®This serves as the basis for formulating beliefs£¬a philosophy£¬related to the culture out of which the philosophical problems have grown£®One¡¯s individual philosophy then can be defined as the organized system of convictions or beliefs adapted from this philosophical activity£®
¡¡¡¡The literal meaning of philosophy is¡°love of wisdom¡±£®If one thinks of wisdom as¡°a high degree of knowledge¡±£®the extended literal meaning of philosophy becomes¡°love of a high degree of knowledge¡±£® On this point£®Aristotle made a statement that typifies Greek thought£º¡°All men by nature desire to know£®¡±Aristotle¡¯s statement does not specify¡°what¡±men and women desire to know£®What to know as the essence of wisdom is something about which individuals disagree£®Wisdom as the basis of philosophy encompasses religion£¬science£¬and art£»it engages one¡¯s thinking and deals with abstract concepts and theory£®One who is seeking wisdom is concerned with observations£¬values£¬mental pictures£¬spiritual beings£¬knowledge£¬and nature£®
¡¡¡¡Philosophy is speculative in that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences that give meaning to reality in the universe£®¢ÙPhilosophy is prescriptive in that it evaluates facts for the purpose of recommending what ought to be as well as what is£®Questions examining good or bad£¬right or wrong£¬beautiful or ugly are questions of prescriptive philosophy£®Philosophy extends scientific statements of fact by considering questions that lie beyond the scope of science£®
There is general agreement that there are three fundamental questions that are important in¡¡describing philosophy£ºWhat iS real?
¡¡¡¡HOW do we know? What iS of value? When you are able tO determine your own answers tO these questions£¬the answers will mean the most tO you£®Many individuals(teachers)£¬however£¬borrow from existing systems of thought as they try tO substantiate beliefs and discover wisdom£®Classical philosophers tried tO answer these basic questions£» their speculations have proved of inexhaustible interest tO all subsequent thinkers£®Human life takes on meaning as the varied aspects of experience fall into some pattern£®Philosophy tries tO investigate the whole of reality by assessing experiences and then organizing those experiences in a way that is sensible tO the individual£®From this perspective£¬philosophy can be considered to be an inquiry into the whole human and cultural enterprise£®öλÔÓéÀֵǼÈë¿ÚÏÂÔØ´ó [477 words]
¡¡¡¡1£®The questions at the beginning of this passage are designed to______
¡¡¡¡A£®define philosophy
¡¡¡¡B£®define personal philosophy
¡¡¡¡C£®clarify what people usually think
¡¡¡¡D£®illustrate what philosophical activity may involve
¡¡¡¡2£®Aristotle¡¯S statement quoted in paragraph 2 ______£®
¡¡¡¡A£®clarifies what people desire to know
¡¡¡¡B£®specifies the basis of philosophy
¡¡¡¡C£®is used to explain what philosophy really means
¡¡¡¡D£®is given to explain the essence of wisdom
¡¡¡¡3£®According to this text£¬philosophy______
¡¡¡¡A£®concerns more than scientific statements of fact
¡¡¡¡B£®iS able tO solve all kinds of questions in the universe
¡¡¡¡C£®attempts tO substantiate human beliefs
¡¡¡¡D£®encompasses nothing but religion£¬science and art
¡¡¡¡4£®It can be inferred from the text that______
¡¡¡¡A£®philosophy is a high degree of knowledge
¡¡¡¡B£®philosophy is inquisitive in nature
¡¡¡¡C£®philosophy is concerned with seeking truth
¡¡¡¡D£®philosophy is able tO answer all the fundamental questions in the universe
¡¡¡¡5£®This text is mainly about______
¡¡¡¡A£®the speculative nature of philosophy
¡¡¡¡B£®the prescriptive nature of philosophy
¡¡¡¡C£®the origin of philosophy
¡¡¡¡D£®the meaning of philosophy
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¡¡¡¡¢ÙPhilosophy is speculative in[that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences(that give meaning to re- ality in the universe)]£®
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