¡¡Cultures£¬by predisposition£¬both embrace and resist change£¬depending on culture traits£®For example£¬men and women have complementary roles in many cultures£®One gender might desire changes that affect the other£¬as happened in the second half of the 20th century in western cultures£®Thus there are both dynamic influences that encourage acceptance of new things£¬and conservative forces that resist change£®Without this balance£¬chaos would likely result£®
¡¡¡¡Three kinds of influence cause both change and resistance to it£º
¡¡¡¡1£®forces at work within a society£» examda.com
¡¡¡¡2£®contact between societies examda.com
¡¡¡¡3£®changes in the natural environment£®
¡¡¡¡Cultural change can come about due to the environment£¬to inventions(and other internal influences)£¬and to contact with other cultures£®¡£For example£¬the end of the last ice age helped lead to the invention of agriculture£¬which in its turn brought about many cultural innovations£® examda.com
¡¡¡¡In diffusion£¬the form of something(though not necessarily its meaning)moves from one culture to another£®For example£¬hamburgers£¬mundane in the United States£¬seemed exotic when introduced into China£®¡°Stimulus diffusion¡±refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention in another£® Diffusions of innovations theory present a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas£¬practices£¬and products£®
¡¡¡¡¡°Acculturation¡±has different meanings£®but in this context refers to replacement of the traits of one culture with those of another£¬such as happened to certain Native American tribes and to many indigenous peoples across the globe during the process of colonization£®Related processes on an individual level include assimilation(adoption of a different culture by an individual)and transculturation£®
¡¡¡¡Cultural invention has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behaviour but which does not exist as a physical obj ect£®We are in a global¡°accelerating culture change period¡±that is occurring whether we resist it or not£®Its drivers include the expansion of international commerce£¬the mass media£¬and above all£¬the human population explosion£® The world¡¯s population now doubles in under fifty years£®
¡¡¡¡Culture change is complex and has far-ranging effects£®A holistic approach to the study of cultures and their environments is needed to understand all of the aspects of change£®Human existence must be looked at as a¡°multifaceted whole¡±£®0nly from this vantage can one grasp the realities of culture change£®kaoshida [402 words]
¡¡¡¡1£®It can be inferred that______
¡¡¡¡A£®men tend to be dynamic influences
¡¡¡¡B£®women tend to be conservative influences
¡¡¡¡C£®either sex may serve as conservative forces
¡¡¡¡D£®social harmony cannot exist without the balance between two sexes
¡¡¡¡2£®The invention of agriculture is used to show that ______
¡¡¡¡A£®it has led to many cultural inventions
¡¡¡¡B£®chaos will eventually be overwhelmed by balance
¡¡¡¡C£®environmental change may result in cultural change
¡¡¡¡D£®internal influence is likely to lead to cultural changes
¡¡¡¡3£®The example of hamburgers is given to illustrate that______
¡¡¡¡A£®a research-based model has been presented
¡¡¡¡B£®China encourages its people to accept new things
¡¡¡¡C£®something mundane in one country may be exotic in another
¡¡¡¡D£®something superficial may diffuse from one culture to another
¡¡¡¡4£®An individual¡¯s adoption of new ideas£¬practices£¬and products of another culture is called______
¡¡¡¡A£®assimilation
¡¡¡¡B£®acculturation
¡¡¡¡C£®transculturation
¡¡¡¡D£®stimulus diffusion
¡¡¡¡5£®Cultural change is most likely to be caused by______
¡¡¡¡A£®the human population explosion
¡¡¡¡B£®the expansion of international commerce
¡¡¡¡C£®accelerating diffusions of cultural inventions
¡¡¡¡D£®the holistic approach to the study of cultures
¡¡ÄѾä͸Îö¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¢Ùone gender might desire changes[-that affect the other]£¬[ as happened in the second half of the 20th century in western cultures]£®
¡¡¡¡¡¾½á¹¹¡¿·½À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ¡°that affect the other¡±ÊÇ¡°changes¡±µÄºóÖö¨Óï´Ó¾ä¡£·½À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ¡°as happened¡ cultures¡±ÊÇÕû¸öÖ÷¾ä¡°One gender¡other¡±µÄºóÖ÷ÇÏÞÖÆÐÔ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬ÆäÖС°as¡±ÊǹØϵ´ú´Ê¡£examda.com
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¡¡¡¡¢ÚCuItural change can come about due to the environment£¬to inventions(and other internal influences)£¬and to contact with other cultures£®
