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On climbing-frames in the smarter neighbourhoods of Los Angeles, white kids occasionally shout to each other in Spanish. They learn their first words from Mexican nannies who are often working illegally, just like the maids who scrub floors and the gardeners who cut their lawns. Which helps to explain why fixing America's broken immigration system is proving so difficult. Californians, no less than the residents of other states, find illegal immigration distasteful. Yet they depend on immigrants for even such intimate tasks as bringing up their children.

This week the Senate was trying again to reconcile these contradictory impulses. It seemed close to the promise of legalisation for the nation's roughly 12m illegals, some 2.5m of them in California alone. But their cases will not be considered until the border is deemed to have been made more secure and the current stockpile of legal immigrants is cleared¡ªsomething that will take at least eight years. Worse, from the immigrants' point of view, they will probably have to leave the country and then petition to return, in what is known as ¡°touch-back¡±.

If it becomes law, the Senate bill will transform America's immigration system. Following the lead of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Britain, America would adopt a points system that will give priority to the sort of young, employable immigrants who are most likely to contribute to the economy. Family ties, essential in deciding immigration claims since the 1960s, would become less important.

Immigrant advocates have become more militant. Last year huge, mostly orderly crowds gathered on the streets of Los Angeles, Chicago and other cities to protest against a bill, passed by the House of Representatives, that would have criminalised illegal immigrants. Many carried American flags. Rallies earlier this month, by contrast, were dominated by professional protesters. In Los Angeles a small and occasionally angry crowd clashed with police. Protesters have called for another rally next month in Hollywood.

Although the pressure for reform appears overwhelming, it is not clear that a deal can be done this year. Compromise may prove more elusive in the House of Representatives. Because of the way that congressional districts are drawn, many politicians represent constituencies with large numbers of ethnic minorities or hardly any at all.

Nor is it clear that the Senate plan would bring illegal immigrants out of the shadows. Those who have American children (up to 40% of those in California) will be reluctant to ¡°touch-back¡±. Much will also depend on how many visas are made available to unskilled workers. If there are too few, the supply of immigrant labour will surely continue to meet the demand for it, regardless of what the law says.

×¢£¨1£©£º±¾ÎÄÑ¡×ÔEconomist, 05/17/2007

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1£® From the first paragraph we learn that _______.

  [A] Californians seldom hire foreign workers.

    [B] Californians do not like to have lots of immigrants.

    [C] It is difficult for immigrants to find a job in California.

    [D] The white kids learn Spanish from their schools.

2£® Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?

  [A] The Senate plans to give many illegal immigrants the legal status.

    [B] The American immigration policy is going to be modified.

    [C] The problem of illegal immigrants will be solved soon.

    [D] Family has been an important factor in the immigration to U.S.

3£® According to the text, _______ will be most likely to be allowed to immigrate to America.

  [A] those Mexican workers

    [B] those of college education

    [C] those who marry American citizens

    [D] those who are hardworking

4£® Which of the following best defines the word ¡°militant¡± (Line 1, Paragraph 4)?

  [A] violent

    [B] carrying guns

    [C] loving wars

    [D] frequent

5£® What does the last sentence of the last paragraph mean?

    [A] If there are not enough visas, a lot of people have to ¡°touch-back¡±.

    [B] If there are enough visas, every currently illegal immigrant will be legalized.

    [C] Illegal immigrants who have American children are more easily to receive visa.

    [D] If there are not enough visas, there will still be a lot of illegal immigrants.

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