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Accompanying the actual measurement£¨¶ÈÁ¿£©of survey are mathematical calculations. Distance, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from data of survey. Also, much of the information of the survey is portrayed graphically£¨Í¼Ê¾ÃèÊö£©by the construction of maps, profiles£¨×ÝÆÊÃæͼ£©, cross sections£¨ºáÆÊÃæͼ£©, and diagrams(ͼ±í£©.

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The equipment available and methods applicable for measurement and calculation have changed tremendously in the past decade. Aerial photogrammetry£¨º½¿ÕÉãÓ°²âÁ¿£©, satellite observation, remote sensing, inertial surveying£¨¹ßÐÔ²âÁ¿£©, and electronic distance measurement£¨µç×Ó²â¾à£©laser techniques are examples of modern systems£¨ÏÖ´ú·½·¨£©utilized to collect data usable in the surveying process. The relatively easy access to£¨ÀûÓã©electronic computers of all size£¨¸÷ÖÖÈÝÁ¿£©facilitates the rigorous£¨¾«È·µÄ£©processing and storage£¨´¦ÀíºÍ´¢´æ£©of large volumes of data.
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With the development of these modern data acquisitions£¨ÊÕ¼¯£©and processing systems, the duties of the surveyor have expanded beyond£¨³¬³ö£©the traditional tasks of the field£¨ÏÖ³¡£©work of taking measurements and the office work of computing and drawing. Surveying is required not only for conventional construction engineering projects£¨ÏîÄ¿£©, mapping, and property£¨µØ¼®£©surveys, but is also used increasingly by other physical sciences, such as geology£¨µØÖÊѧ£©and geophysics£¨µØÇòÎïÀíѧ£©; biology, including agriculture, forestry, grasslands£¨²ÝÔ­£©, and wildlife£¨Ò°Éú¶¯Ö²Î; hydrology£¨Ë®ÎĵØÀíѧ£©and oceanography£¨º£Ñóѧ£©; and geography, including human and cultural resources£¨ÈËÎÄ×ÊÔ´£©.
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The tasks in these physical science operations£¨»î¶¯£©need to be redefined to include design of the surveying procedure£¨³ÌÐò£©and selection of equipment appropriate for the project; acquisition of data in the field or by way of remote station; reduction£¨ÕûÀí£©or analysis of data in the office or in the filed; storage of data in a form compatible with£¨ÊʺÏÓÚ£©feature retrieval£¨ÌØÕ÷¼ìË÷£©; preparation£¨ÕûÀí£©of maps or other displays in the graphical£¨»æͼ£©(including photographicÉãÓ°) or numerical form needed for the purpose of survey; and setting of monument£¨½ç±ê£©and boundaries in the field as well as control for construction layout£¨Ê©¹¤·ÅÑù£©. Performance of these tasks requires a familiarity with the uses of surveying, knowledge of fundamentals of the surveying process£¨·½·¨£©, and knowledge of various means by which data can be prepared for presentation.
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The earliest surveys known were for the purpose of establishing£¨È·¶¨£©the boundaries of land, and such surveys are still important work of many surveyors.

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Every construction project of any magnitude£¨¹æÄ££©is based to some degree upon measurements taken during the progress£¨·¢Õ¹£©of a survey and is constructed about lines and points established by the surveyor. Aside from land surveys, practically all surveys of a private nature£¨Ë½ÓªÐÔÖÊ£©and most of those conducted by public agencies£¨¹«¹²»ú¹¹£©are of assistance in the conception£¨¹æ»®£©, design, and execution £¨Ê©¹¤£©of engineering works.

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For many years the government, and in some instances£¨ÔÚijЩÇé¿öÏ£©the individual states, have conducted surveys over large areas for a variety of purposes. The principal work so far£¨Æù½ñΪֹ£©accomplished consists of the fixing£¨È·¶¨£©of national and state boundaries; the charting£¨»æÖÆ£©of coastlines£¨º£°¶Ïߣ© and navigable£¨ÊÊÓÚº½Ðеģ©streams and lakes; the precise location£¨¶¨Î»£©of definite reference points£¨¹Ì¶¨»ù×¼µã£©throughout the country; the collection of valuable facts£¨Â۾ݣ©concerning the earth’s magnetism£¨´ÅÁ¦£© at widely scattered stations; establishment£¨½¨Á¢£©and observation of a greater network of gravity station£¨ÖØÁ¦Õ¾£©throughout the world; the establishment and operation£¨ÔËת£©of tidal and water level £¨³±Î»ºÍˮ룩station; the extension£¨À©³ä£©hydrographic£¨ÓëË®ÎĵØÀíѧÓйأ©and oceanographic£¨Ó뺣ÑóѧÓйأ©charting and mapping£¨»æÖÆ£©into the approximately three-fourths of the world which is essentially£¨±¾À´£©unmapped; and the extension of topographic£¨µØÐεģ©mapping of the land£¨Â½µØ£©surfaces of the earth.