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Section (iii)
The most preferable means of propulsion is via electrified rails atop the beams. Although electric transport systems still require fossil fuels to be burnt or dams to be built, they add much less to air pollution than the burning of petrol within conventional engines. In addition, they help keep polluted air out of cities and restrict it to the point of origin where it can be more easily deal with. Furthermore, electric motors are typically 90% efficient, compared to internal combustion engines, which are at most 30% efficient. They are also better at accelerating and climbing hills. This efficiency is no less true of beam system than of single vehicles.
Section (iv)
A relatively high traffic throughput can be maintained, automated systems can react faster than can human drivers and the increased speed of movement is expected to compensate for loss of privacy. It is estimated that at peak travel times passenger capacity could be more than double that of current subway systems. It might be possible to arrange for two simultaneous methods of vehicle hire: one in which large carriages (literally buses) run to a timetable, and another. Providing for hire of small independently occupied cars at a slightly higher cost. Travelers could order a car by swiping a card through a machine, which recognizes a personal number code.
Section (v)
Monorail systems are not new. But they have so far been built as adjuncts to existing city road systems. They usually provide a limited service which is often costly and fails to address the major concern of motorman.
Transportation included in its scope is provision for the movement of pedestrians at any point and to any point within the system. A city relieved of roads carrying fast moving cars and trucks can be given over to pedestrians and cyclists who can walk or pedal as far as they wish before hailing a quickly approaching beam-operated car. Cyclists could use fold-up bicycles for this purpose.
Section (vi)
Since traffic will be designated an area high above the ground, human activities can take
 
place below the transit system in complete safety, leading to a dramatic drop in the number of deaths and injuries survived while in transit and while walking about the city. Existing roads can be dug up and grassed over, or planted with low growing bushes and trees. The look of the city is expected to improve considerably for both pedestrians and for people using the System.

Section (vii)
It is true that the initial outlay for a section of the beam-operated system will be more than for a similar stretch of tarred road. However costs for the proposed system must necessarily include all tunnels since it costs about US $120,000 per kilometer to build a new six lane road tunnel. Subway train tunnels cost about half that amount, because they are smaller in size. Tunnels carrying beamed traffic will have a narrower cross-sectional diameter and can be dug at less depth than existing tunnels, further reducing costs.
Objections
The only major drawbacks to the proposal are entrenched beliefs that resist change, the potential for vandalism, and the loss of revenue for ear manufacturers. Video camera surveillance is a possible answer to vandalism, while the last objection could be overcome by giving car manufacturers beam-operated vehicle building contracts. 60% of all people on  earth live in cities; we must loosen the immediate environment from the grip of the road-hound car.

Questions 11-14
Refer to reading passage “The Beam-operated Traffic System”, and complete the flowchart below with appropriate words or phrases from the passage. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Current City Traffic System:
internal combustion    →
engine    independently controlled    →
vehicles    conventional tarred road    →
system    traffic
choking the city
Proposed City Traffic System:
electrified trails    →    suitable controlled    →
carriages    computer controlled    →
system    city without any choking
(11)    (12)    (13)    (14)

Questions 15-17
Choose the most suitable heading from the list of headings below for the seven sections of the Reading Passage: “The Beamed -Operated Traffic System”. Write your answer in boxes
 
15-17 on your Answer Sheet just write letters on your Answer Sheet.


List of Headings
A. Returning the city to the people.
B. Speed to offset loss of car ownership
C. Automation to replace existing roads.
D. A safe and cheap alternative.
E. The monorail system
F. Inter-city freeways
G. Doing the sums
H. The complete answer to the traffic problem.
I. Cleaner and more efficient

15.    Section(ii)……Section(iii)……
16.    Section(iv)……Section(v)……
17.    Section(vi)……Section(vii)……

Questions 18-20
Refer to the Reading Passage and look at the statements below.
Write S is the statement is Supported by what is written in the passage; and write NS if the statement is Not Supported. Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on you Answer Sheet.
Example: The combustion engine was designed over 100 years ago.    S    NS
18.    The increased speed of traffic in a Beamed-Operated Traffic    S    NS
System is due to electric motors being 90% efficient.
19.    Beamed traffic will travel through tunnels costing less to build   
S   
NS
than subway tunnels.
20.    A possible solution to willful damage to the System is to   
S   
NS
install camera equipment.       

Passage 2
Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer questions 21---30 below.

Sugar and Other Sweeteners
The sweetness of a substance results from physical contact between that substance and the many thousand taste buds of the tongue. The taste buds are clustered around several hundred small, fleshy protrusions called taste papilla which provide a large surface area for
 
the taste buds and ensure maximum contact with a substance.
Although there are many millions of olfactory cells in the nose, taste is a more intense experience than smell; food technologists believe this is because of the strong pleasure relationship between the brain and food. And it is universally acknowledged that sweetness is the ultimate pleasurable taste sensation. However, no-one is exactly sure what makes a substance sweet.
Nature is abundant with sweet foodstuffs, the most common naturally occurring substance being fructose, found in almost all fruits and berries, and being the main component of honey. Of course, once eaten, al; foods provide one or more of the three basic food components—protein, fat and carbohydrate—which eventually break down (if and when required) to supply the body with the essential sugar glucose.
Nature also supplies with sucrose, a naturally sugar within the sugar cane plant, which was discovered many centuries BC. Sucrose breaks down into glucose within the body. Nowadays, white sugar is the food industry standard taste for sugar—the benchmark against which all other sweet tastes are measured.
In the U.S.A, foods and especially soft drinks, are commonly sweetened with High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) derived from corn starch by a process developed in the late 1960s.
In addition to nature’s repertoire, man has developed a dozen or so artificial sweetening agents that are considered harmless, non-active chemicals with the additional property of sweetness.
There is, indeed an innate desire in humans (and some animals) to seek out and enjoy sweet-tasting foods. Since sweet substances provide energy and sustain life they have always been highly prized. All food manufacturers capitalize on this cleaving for sweetness by flavorings most processed foods with carefully measured amounts of sugar in one from or another. The maximum level of sweetness that can be attained before the intrinsic taste of the original foodstuff is lost or unacceptably diminished is, in each case, determined by trial and error.
Further, the most acceptable level of sweetness for every product- that which produces the optimum amount of pleasure for most people – is supremely constant, even across different cultures. This probably goes a long way towards explaining the almost universal appeal of Coca- Cola. (Although the type of sugar used in soft drinks differs across cultures, the intensity and, therefore pleasure invoked by such drinks remains fixed within a fairly narrow range of agreement.
Artificial sweeteners cannot match the luxurious smoothness and mouth-feel of white sugar. Even corn syrup has a slightly lingering after-taste. The reason why food technologists have not yet been able to create a perfect alternative to sucrose (presumably a non
 
kilojoules-producing substitute) is simple. There is no molecular structure yet known that predisposes towards sweetness. In fact, there is no way to know for certain, if a substance will taste sweet or even taste of anything at all. Our current ranges of artificial sweeteners were all discovered to be sweet purely by accident.