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ÍøÂç×ÊÔ´ Ãâ·ÑöλÔÓéÀÖ¹Ù·½appÏÂÔØÍø/2009-01-16
Passage seven
Much has been discussed about the reasons why
organisms age. Some have claimed that senescence is a
mechanism for culling the aged from the population to
prevent overcrowding. Others have believed aging to be the
unavoidable outcome of tissue metabolism. Still others have
felt the question of senescence to be largely irrelevant
since few wild organisms ever reach the senile stage.
Modern evolutionary theory has a rationale for senescence
which has a firm theoretical base: natural selection of
individuals.
One should be dubious of the claim that organisms
deteriorate with age as an inevitable outcome of living. A
valid theory of senescence must explain why different
species have different senescence rates. For example, why
salmon usually deteriorate rapidly and die after spawning,
t an age of two or three,while trees and tortoises may live
for hundreds of years without degenerating.
Senescence, in and of itself, can never help the
individual~ Darwinian fitness. All else being equal,an
organism~ chances of perpetuating its genes are better if
it is healthy rather than sick, alive rather than dead. If
senescence is to be compatible with natural selection,
there must be some concomitant benefit associated with it
that outweighs its disadvantage. Since Darwinian fitness is
measured by total reproduc-tion, the advantage must be that
senescence is inevitably tied up with reproductive effort.
Consider that all organisms have a finite probability
of dying of natural causes within any given time period.
This puts a premium on reproducing sooner rather than
later. In other words, an organism Dar-winian fitness tends
to be enhanced by not deferring reproduction till a later
time, for that organism might be killed or injured in the
interim. The degree of risk an organism is subject to
determine how much pres-sure there is to reproduce soon.
An insect, for example, may have a ten percent chance of
being killed each day; it is not surprising that insects
have high reproductive rates, and high rates of senescence.
Tortoises, on the other hand,have heavy shells which
presumably provide efficient protection against predation
and injury; because their mortality risk is low, they are
able to rely on lives and can defer reproduction until
times are most favorable. Their senescence rates are low.
If an organism is able to have more offspring as it
ages, it experiences an evolutionary pressure oppo-sing
that caused by mortality. In such cases, low senescence
rates are favored to take advantage of the in-creased
reproductive rate at future times. This theory would
predict that female fish which produce more eggs as they
grow older and larger would age at a slower rate than male
fish whose sperm production does not rise with size.
This line of reasoning suggests that when organisms
have little or no chance of reproducing, they tend to die
early as a result of physical degenerative changes called
senescence.
1. The authors main purpose in writing this passage is
[ A ] to demonstrate the validity of Darwins theory on
natural selection
[ B ] to investigate the effect of senescence on
Darwinian fitness
[ C ] to present various theories why organisms
deteriorate with age
[ D ] to suggest an explanation for varying rates of
senescence in different species
2. The author stresses in the passage that senescence
[ A ] is an inevitable process of physical
deterioration of an organism
[ B ] is totally determined by Darwinian fitness of an
organism
[ C ] is closely associated with the reproduction of an
organism
[ D ] makes no sense in terms of the theory of natural
selection
3. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by
the author?
[ A ] An organism who is able to have more offspring as
it grows older is expected to deteriorate faster.
[ B ] The less danger there is of an organism dying,
the less pressure on it for early reproduction.
[ C ] High reproductive rate and high senescence rate
are frequently linked in a species.
[ D ] It is more desirable for organisms to reproduce
at an early stage of life rather than at a later one in
terms of Darwinian fitness.
4. The word "culling" ( sentence 2, Para. 1 ) probably
refers to
[ A ] absorb [ B ] destroy [ C ] eliminate [ D ] add
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