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ÍøÂç×ÊÔ´ Ãâ·ÑöλÔÓéÀÖ¹Ù·½appÏÂÔØÍø/2009-01-16
Passage Twelve
It is an everyday observation that animals are born,
grow, and mature then begin to lose some of their
capabilities, and finally die. This loss of capabilities is
progressive, irreversible, and common for all members of a
species and is called aging. In humans it shows in many
ways, some very visible: decline in height, shrinkage of
muscle, thinning and graying of hair, and wrinkling of
skin. Internally, andeven more significantly, there is a
progressive loss of cells in the brain, kidneys, and other
vital organs.This cell loss has resulted in stoppage of a
vital process. Whatever the reason, important tissues
ranging from the muscles to the brain shrink and become
less competent with age. Many of these changes are
reflected in functional declines. Not only do nerve cells
at levels from the brain to the spinal cord diminish,but
also those that remain conduct impulses at a slower rate so
that the reaction time of the older animal is slowed.
Memory often shows a decline.
Another widespread decline is in the loss of cells
involved in the hearing process. The loss is most marked
for high pitches and may require the assistance of a
battery-operated hearing aid. More subtle are such declines
as those in the processes involved with being immune to
disease, which result in a lessened ability of the older
organism to cope with intection. Indeed, pneumonia(·ÎÑ×) is
one of the most common causes of death among the elderly
population of most nations.
Mixed with true aging processes are disease processes
that may be so common as to be mistaken for aging. For
instance, the buildup of deposits of fatty materials in
arteries (¶¯Âö) tends to be progressive with aging;
everything else being equal, the nanowing of arteries
results in such serious illnesses as stroke or heart
attack, occurring with increasing frequency as an
individual ages.
It is now recognized that atherosclerosis(¶¯ÂöÓ²»¯)
is the result of many factors, not only genetic but also
environmental high blood pressure, high saturated-fat
diets, and smoking, the effects of which become more
obvious with the passage of time. It is therefore an age-
related, but not a universal aging, process and can thus
usually be controlled.
1. As far as aging is concerned,
[ A ] the changes inside human bodies are more
important than exterior changes
[ BI the loss of competence is more significant than
that of cells
[ C ] the shrinkage of muscles is more significant than
the decline in height
[ D] the thinning of hair is less important than the
wrinkling of skin
2. Which of the following is a functional decline?
[A] The reduction in brain nerve cells. [B] The
decline in memory.
[ C ] The loss of cells in bearing process. [ D ]
The shrinkage in muscle tissue.
3. Pneumonia is closely related to
[ A] the decline in cells of the spinal chord [ B ]
the slower rate of reaction
[ C ] the decline in the immune system [ D ] the
loss of cells in kidneys
4. It is agreed that a person is more likely to suffer
from atherosclerosis
[Al as he becomes older
[ B ] if his immune system does not work properly
[C] when the cells of his brain and spinal cord decline
[D] when the cells in his kidneys decline in number
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