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    n [´ð] ·´Ó¦ºãÈݾøÈȽøÐУ¬

    n ΔrH(T)=ΔrU(T)+ΔnRT

    n ¹ÊΔU ==[-280 332.9+0.01465(T/K)2+20.96(T/K)-7606.5]J = 0

    n ½âµÃT =3775 K,

    n p = 850 kPa

    n Àý2

    n py,298 Kʱ£¬ÒÒ´¼(l)µÄDcHmy = -1366.9 kJ·mol-1, CO2(g)ºÍH2O(l)µÄDfHmy·Ö±ðΪ-393.5ºÍ-285.9 kJ·mol-1¡£

    n £¨1£©Ð´³öÒÒ´¼È¼ÉÕ·´Ó¦ÒÔ¼°CO2(g)£¬H2O(l)µÄÉú³É·´Ó¦µÄÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ¡£

    n £¨2£©¼ÆËãC2H5OH(l)µÄ±ê׼Ħ¶ûÉú³ÉÈÈ¡£

    n £¨3£©Èô2.0 mol C2H5OH(l)ÔÚÑõµ¯ÖÐȼÉÕ£¬ÆäÈÈЧӦQVΪ¶àÉÙ£¿

    µÚ¶þÕ ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§µÚ¶þ¶¨ÂÉ

    §1¡¢ÈÈÁ¦Ñ§µÚ¶þ¶¨Âɵľ­µä±íÊö

    A. ¿ËÀÍÐÞ˹£¨Clausius£©±íÊö£º

    ²»¿ÉÄÜ°ÑÈÈ´ÓµÍÎÂÎïÌå´«µ½¸ßÎÂÎïÌ壬¶ø²»ÒýÆðÆäËû±ä»¯¡£

    B. ¿ª¶ûÎÄ£¨Kelvin£©±íÊö£º

    ²»¿ÉÄÜ´Óµ¥Ò»ÈÈÔ´È¡³öÈÈʹ֮ÍêÈ«±äΪ¹¦£¬¶ø²»·¢ÉúÆäËû±ä»¯¡£

    n »òÕß˵£º“²»¿ÉÄÜÉè¼Æ³ÉÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖ»úÆ÷£¬ÕâÖÖ»úÆ÷ÄÜÑ­»·²»¶ÏµØ¹¤×÷£¬Ëü½ö½ö´Óµ¥Ò»ÈÈÔ´ÎüÈ¡ÈÈÁ¿±äΪ¹¦£¬¶øûÓÐÈκÎÆäËû±ä»¯¡£”

    n “µÚ¶þÀàÓÀ¶¯»úÊDz»¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉµÄ¡£”

    §2¡¢¿¨ÅµÑ­»·

    n Ò»¡¢¿¨ÅµÑ­»·¸÷¹ý³ÌÈȹ¦×ª»¯¼ÆËã

    ¶þ¡¢ÈÈ»úЧÂÊ£¨h£©

    n ¿ÉÄ濨ŵ»ú£º

    h = 1£­(T1/ T2) £¨ÀíÏë»òʵ¼ÊÆøÌ壩

    n Èô¿ÉÄ濨ŵ»úµ¹¿ª£¬ÖÆÀä»úÀ䶳ϵÊý£º

    b = Q¢1/(-W) = T1 / ( T2£­T1)

    n ÈÈ»úЧÂÊ£ºh £ 1£­(T1/ T2)

    n ¶Ô¿ÉÄ濨ŵѭ»·£¬ÓÐ(Q1/ T1) + (Q2 / T2) = 0

    §3¡¢ìصĸÅÄîÒýÈë

    ¡Ó(dQr / T ) = 0

    • ÈÎÒâ¿ÉÄæÑ­»·¹ý³ÌABAµÄÈÈΠÉ̵ıպÏÇúÏß»ý·ÖΪÁã¡£

    n »ý·ÖÖµ∫AB dQr / T ±íʾ´ÓA® BÌåϵij¸ö״̬º¯ÊýµÄ±ä»¯Öµ¡£

    ¶¨ÒåÕâ¸ö״̬º¯ÊýΪ“ìØ S ”¡£

    n µ±ÌåϵµÄ״̬ÓÉA±äµ½Bʱ£¬ìغ¯ÊýµÄ±ä»¯Îª£º

    DSA®B = SB-SA = ∫AB dQr / T

    n Èç¹û±ä»¯ÎÞÏÞС£¬¿Éд³É(״̬º¯ÊýµÄ) ΢·ÖÐÎʽ£º

    d S = dQr / T

    °üº¬Á½²ãº¬Ò壺

    £¨1£©ìرäÁ¿DSA®BÊÇ״̬º¯ÊýSµÄ±äÁ¿£¬Ö»È¡¾öÓÚʼ¡¢ÖÕ̬£¬

    ìرäÁ¿ DSA®B Öµ¸ÕºÃÓë A®B ¿ÉÄæ¹ý³ÌµÄÈÈÎÂÉÌÏàµÈ£¬

    ÊÂʵÉÏDSA®B´óСÓëʵ¼Ê¹ý³ÌÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÄæÎÞ¹Ø, ¼´Ê¹A®BÊDz»¿ÉÄæ¹ý³Ì£¬ÆäìرäÁ¿Ò²ÊÇ´ËÖµ¡£

    £¨2£©²»¿ÉÄæ¹ý³ÌµÄÈÈÎÂÉÌ S(dQ*/T)A®B СÓÚÆäìرäÁ¿DSA®B¡£

    §4¡¢¹ý³Ì·½ÏòÐÔµÄÅжÏ

    DS¹ÂÁ¢≥0

    n “¹ÂÁ¢ÌåϵÖеĹý³Ì×ÜÊÇ×Ô·¢µØÏòìØÖµÔö¼ÓµÄ·½Ïò½øÐС£” — ìØÔö¼ÓÔ­Àí

    DSÌåϵ + DS»·¾³ ≥ 0

    n “Ò»ÇÐ×Ô·¢¹ý³ÌµÄ×Üìرä¾ù´óÓÚÁã” — ìØÔö¼ÓÔ­Àí

    n ÉÏʽÖУ¬QΪÌåϵµÄÈÈЧӦ QÌå

    DS»· =£­S dQ/ T»·

    §5¡¢ìرäµÄ¼ÆËã

    • µÈιý³Ì£¨ÎÞÂÛÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÄ棩µÄìرäΪ£º

    £¨DS£©T = Qr / T

    £¨ÆäÖÐQrΪºãοÉÄæ¹ý³ÌÈÈЧӦ£©

    • ÀíÏëÆøÌåµÈιý³Ì£º

    £¨DS£©T = nR ln(V2/V1) = nR ln(P1/P2)

    • ´¿ÀíÏëÆøÌåA¡¢BµÄµÈεÈѹ»ìºÏìØ£º

    (DSmix ) T = £­R [nA lnx A + nB lnxB ]

    n µÈѹ¹ý³Ì£º (DS)P = òT1T2 (Cp/T)dT

    ÈôCpΪ³£Êý (DS)P = Cp ln (T2/T1)

    n µÈÈݹý³Ì£º (DS)v = òT1 T2 (Cv /T)dT

    ÈôCvΪ³£Êý (DS)v = Cv ln (T2/T1)

    £¨a£©ÏȺãÈÝ£¬ºóºãΣ¬

    DS = Cv ln (T2/T1) + nRln(V2/V1)

    ÀíÏëÆøÌ壬Cv³£Êý£¬£¨T£¬V£©±í´ï

    £¨b£©ÏȺãѹ£¬ºóºãΣ¬

    DS = Cp ln (T2/T1)£­nRln(P2/P1)

    ÀíÏëÆøÌ壬CP³£Êý£¬£¨T£¬P£©±í´ï

    • Ïà±ä¹ý³ÌµÄìرä

    £¨1£©PyÏÂÈÚ»¯¹ý³Ì£º Df Sm = Df Hm / Tf

    Df Hm£ºÄ¦¶ûÈÛ»¯ÈÈ£»

    Tf£ºÕý³£È۵㣬¼´Ñ¹Á¦ÎªPyÏÂÎïÖʵÄÈ۵㡣

    £¨2£© PyÏÂÕô·¢¹ý³Ì£º DvSm = DvHm / Tb