öλÔÓéÀֵǼÈë¿ÚÏÂÔØ

µÚÒ»Õ  µ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§

½ÌѧĿ±ê£º
1.ÕÆÎÕµ°°×ÖʵĸÅÄî¡¢ÖØÒªÐԺͷÖ×Ó×é³É¡£
2.ÕÆÎÕα-°±»ùËáµÄ½á¹¹Í¨Ê½ºÍ20ÖÖ°±»ùËáµÄÃû³Æ¡¢·ûºÅ¡¢½á¹¹¡¢·ÖÀࣻÕÆÎÕ°±»ùËáµÄÖØÒªÐÔÖÊ£»ÊìϤëĺͻîÐÔëĵĸÅÄî¡£
3.ÕÆÎÕµ°°×ÖʵÄÒ»¡¢¶þ¡¢Èý¡¢Ëļ¶½á¹¹µÄÌص㼰ÆäÖØÒª»¯Ñ§¼ü¡£
4.Á˽⵰°×ÖʽṹÓ빦ÄܼäµÄ¹Øϵ¡£
5.ÊìϤµ°°×ÖʵÄÖØÒªÐÔÖʺͷÖÀà

µ¼È룺100ÄêÇ°£¬¶÷¸ñ˹ָ³ö“µ°°×ÌåÊÇÉúÃüµÄ´æÔÚÐÎʽ”£»½ñÌìÈËÃÇÈçºÎÈÏʶµ°°×ÖʵĸÅÄîºÍÖØÒªÐÔ£¿
1839ÄêºÉÀ¼»¯Ñ§¼ÒÂí¶ûµÂ£¨G.J.Mulder£©Ñо¿ÁËÈéºÍµ°ÖеÄÇåµ°°×,²¢°´Èðµä»¯Ñ§¼ÒBerzeliusµÄÌáÒé°ÑÌáÈ¡µÄÎïÖÊÃüÃûΪµ°°×ÖÊ£¨Protein£¬Ô´×ÔÏ£À°ÓÒâÖ¸ “µÚÒ»ÖØÒªµÄ” £©¡£µÂ¹ú»¯Ñ§¼Ò·ÑÏ£¶û(E.Fischer)Ñо¿Á˵°°×ÖʵÄ×é³ÉºÍ½á¹¹£¬ÔÚ1907ÄêµìÁ¢µ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§¡£Ó¢¹úµÄ±«ÁÖ(L.Pauling)ÔÚ1951ÄêÍÆÒý³öµ°°×ÖʵÄÂÝÐý£»É£¸ñ(F.Sanger)ÔÚ1953Äê²â³öÒȵºËصÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹¡£Åå³´Ä(M.F.Perutz)ºÍ¿ÏµÂ³(J.C.kendrew) ÔÚ1960Äê²â¶¨Ñªºìµ°°×ºÍ¼¡ºìµ°°×µÄ¾§Ìå½á¹¹¡£1965Ä꣬ÎÒ¹úÉú»¯Ñ§ÕßÊ×ÏȺϳÉÁ˾ßÓÐÉúÎï»îÐԵĵ°°×ÖÊ——ÒȵºËØ£¨insulin£©¡£
µ°°×ÖÊÊÇÓÉL-α-°±»ùËáͨ¹ýëļüËõºÏ¶ø³ÉµÄ£¬¾ßÓнÏÎȶ¨µÄ¹¹ÏóºÍÒ»¶¨ÉúÎ﹦ÄܵÄÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó£¨biomacromolecule£©¡£µ°°×ÖÊÊÇÉúÃü»î¶¯ËùÒÀÀµµÄÎïÖÊ»ù´¡£¬ÊÇÉúÎïÌåÖк¬Á¿×î·á¸»µÄ´ó·Ö×Ó¡£
µ¥Ï¸°ûµÄ´ó³¦¸Ë¾úº¬ÓÐ3000¶àÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ£¬¶øÈËÌåÓÐ10ÍòÖÖÒÔÉϽṹºÍ¹¦Äܸ÷ÒìµÄµ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÈËÌå¸ÉÖصÄ45%Êǵ°°×ÖÊ¡£ÉúÃüÊÇÎïÖÊÔ˶¯µÄ¸ß¼¶ÐÎʽ£¬ÊÇͨ¹ýµ°°×ÖʵĶàÖÖ¹¦ÄÜÀ´ÊµÏֵġ£Ð³´úлµÄËùÓеĻ¯Ñ§·´Ó¦¼¸ºõ¶¼ÊÇÔÚøµÄ´ß»¯Ï½øÐеÄ£¬ÒÑ·¢ÏÖµÄø¾ø´ó¶àÊýÊǵ°°×ÖÊ¡£ÉúÃü»î¶¯ËùÐèÒªµÄÐí¶àС·Ö×ÓÎïÖʺÍÀë×Ó£¬ËüÃǵÄÔËÊäÓɵ°°×ÖÊÀ´Íê³É¡£ÉúÎïµÄÔ˶¯¡¢ÉúÎïÌåµÄ·ÀÓùÌåϵÀë²»¿ªµ°°×ÖÊ¡£µ°°×ÖÊÔÚÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¿ØÖÆ¡¢Ï¸°ûĤµÄͨ͸ÐÔ£¬ÒÔ¼°¸ßµÈ¶¯ÎïµÄ¼ÇÒ䡢ʶ±ð»ú¹¹µÈ·½Ã涼Æð×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óá£Ëæ×ŵ°°×Öʹ¤³ÌºÍµ°°×ÖÊ×éѧµÄÐËÆðºÍ·¢Õ¹£¬ÈËÃǶԵ°°×ÖʵĽṹÓ빦ÄܵÄÈÏʶԽÀ´Ô½Éî¿Ì¡£

µÚÒ»½Ú   µ°°×ÖʵķÖ×Ó×é³É
Ò»¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÄÔªËØ×é³É
¾­ÔªËØ·ÖÎö£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÐ C£¨50%¡«55%£©¡¢H£¨6%¡«7%£©¡¢O£¨19%¡«24%£©¡¢N£¨13%¡«19%£©¡¢S£¨0%¡«4%£©¡£ÓÐЩµ°°×ÖÊ»¹º¬Î¢Á¿µÄP¡¢Fe¡¢Cu¡¢Zn¡¢Mn¡¢Co¡¢Mo¡¢IµÈ¡£
¸÷ÖÖµ°°×Öʵ嬵ªÁ¿ºÜ½Ó½ü£¬Æ½¾ùΪ16%¡£Òò´Ë£¬¿ÉÒÔÓö¨µª·¨À´ÍÆËãÑùÆ·Öе°°×ÖʵĴóÖº¬Á¿¡£
    ÿ¿ËÑùÆ·º¬µª¿ËÊý×6.25×100=100gÑùÆ·Öе°°×Öʺ¬Á¿£¨g%£©
¶þ¡¢µ°°×ÖʵĻù±¾×é³Éµ¥Î»——°±»ùËá
µ°°×ÖÊÔÚËá¡¢¼î»òµ°°×øµÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬×îÖÕË®½âΪÓÎÀë°±»ùËᣨamino acid£©£¬¼´µ°°×ÖÊ×é³Éµ¥Ìå»ò¹¹¼þ·Ö×Ó¡£´æÔÚÓÚ×ÔÈ»½çÖеݱ»ùËáÓÐ300ÓàÖÖ£¬µ«ºÏ³Éµ°°×Öʵݱ»ùËá½ö20ÖÖ£¨³Æ±àÂë°±»ùËᣩ£¬×îÏÈ·¢ÏÖµÄÊÇÌìÃŶ¬°±Ëᣨ1806Ä꣩£¬×îºó¼ø¶¨µÄÊÇËÕ°±Ëᣨ1938Ä꣩¡£
£¨Ò»£©°±»ùËáµÄ½á¹¹Í¨Ê½
×é³Éµ°°×ÖʵÄ20ÖÖ°±»ùËáÓй²Í¬µÄ½á¹¹Ìص㣺
1£®°±»ùÁ¬½ÓÔÚα- CÉÏ£¬ÊôÓÚα-°±»ùËᣨ¸¬°±ËáΪα-ÑÇ°±»ùËᣩ¡£
2£®RÊÇ‚ÈÁ´£¬³ý¸Ê°±ËáÍⶼº¬ÊÖÐÔC£¬ÓÐD-ÐͺÍL-ÐÍÁ½ÖÖÁ¢ÌåÒì¹¹Ìå¡£ÌìÈ»µ°°×ÖÊÖеݱ»ùËᶼÊÇL-ÐÍ¡£                   
    ×¢Ò⣺¹¹ÐÍÊÇÖ¸·Ö×ÓÖи÷Ô­×ÓµÄÌض¨¿Õ¼äÅŲ¼£¬Æä±ä»¯ÒªÇó¹²¼Û¼üµÄ¶ÏÁѺÍÖØÐÂÐγÉ¡£Ðý¹âÐÔÊÇÒì¹¹ÌåµÄ¹âѧ»îÐÔ£¬ÊÇʹƫÕñ¹âƽÃæÏò×ó»òÏòÓÒÐýתµÄÐÔÖÊ£¬£¨-£©±íʾ×óÐý£¬£¨+£©±íʾÓÒÐý¡£¹¹ÐÍÓëÐý¹âÐÔûÓÐÖ±½Ó¶ÔÓ¦¹Øϵ¡£
£¨¶þ£©°±»ùËáµÄ·ÖÀà
1£®°´R»ùµÄ»¯Ñ§½á¹¹·ÖΪ֬·¾×å¡¢·¼Ïã×å¡¢ÔÓ»·¡¢ÔÓ»·ÑÇ°±»ùËáËÄÀà¡£
2£®°´R»ùµÄ¼«ÐÔºÍÔÚÖÐÐÔÈÜÒºµÄ½âÀë״̬·ÖΪ·Ç¼«ÐÔ°±»ùËá¡¢¼«ÐÔ²»´øµçºÉ¡¢¼«ÐÔ´ø¸ºµçºÉ»ò´øÕýµçºÉµÄËÄÀà¡£
    ´øÓзǼ«ÐÔR£¨Ìþ»ù¡¢¼×Áò»ù¡¢ßÅßá»·µÈ£¬¹²9ÖÖ£©£º¸Ê£¨Gly£©¡¢±û£¨Ala£©¡¢çÓ£¨Val£©¡¢ÁÁ£¨Leu£©¡¢ÒìÁÁ£¨Ile£©¡¢±½±û£¨Phe£©¡¢¼×Áò£¨Met£©¡¢¸¬£¨Pro£©¡¢É«£¨Trp£©
    ´øÓв»¿É½âÀëµÄ¼«ÐÔR£¨ôÇ»ù¡¢ÛÏ»ù¡¢õ£°·»ùµÈ£¬¹²6ÖÖ£©£ºË¿£¨Ser£©¡¢ËÕ£¨Thr£©¡¢Ìì°·£¨Asn£©¡¢¹È°·£¨Gln£©¡¢ÀÒ£¨Tyr£©¡¢°ë£¨Cys£©
´øÓпɽâÀëµÄ¼«ÐÔR»ù£¨¹²5ÖÖ£©£ºÌ죨Asp£©¡¢¹È£¨Glu£©¡¢Àµ£¨Lys£©¡¢¾«£¨Arg£©¡¢×飨His£©£¬Ç°Á½¸öΪËáÐÔ°±»ùËᣬºóÈý¸öÊǼîÐÔ°±»ùËá¡£
µ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×ÓÖеÄë×°±ËáÊÇÁ½¸ö°ëë×°±ËáÍÑÇâºóÒÔ¶þÁò¼ü½áºÏ¶ø³É£¬½ºÔ­µ°°×ÖеÄôǸ¬°±Ëá¡¢ôÇÀµ°±ËᣬÄýѪøԭÖеÄôÈ»ù¹È°±ËáÊǵ°°×Öʼӹ¤ÐÞÊζø³É¡£
£¨Èý£©°±»ùËáµÄÖØÒªÀí»¯ÐÔÖÊ
 1£®Ò»°ãÎïÀíÐÔÖÊ
α-°±»ùËáΪÎÞÉ«¾§Ì壬ÈÛµãÒ»°ãÔÚ200 oCÒÔÉÏ¡£¸÷ÖÖ°±»ùËáÔÚË®ÖеÄÈܽâ¶È²î±ðºÜ´ó£¨ÀÒ°±Ëá²»ÈÜÓÚË®£©¡£Ò»°ãÈܽâÓÚÏ¡Ëá»òÏ¡¼î£¬µ«²»ÄÜÈܽâÓÚÓлúÈܼÁ£¬Í¨³£¾Æ¾«ÄÜ°Ñ°±»ùËá´ÓÆäÈÜÒºÖгÁµíÎö³ö¡£
·¼Ïã×å°±»ùËᣨTyr¡¢Trp¡¢Phe£©Óй²éîË«¼ü£¬ÔÚ½ü×ÏÍâÇøÓйâÎüÊÕÄÜÁ¦£¬Tyr¡¢TrpµÄÎüÊÕ·åÔÚ280nm£¬PheÔÚ265 nm¡£ÓÉÓÚ´ó¶àÊýµ°°×Öʺ¬Tyr¡¢Trp²Ð»ù£¬ËùÒԲⶨµ°°×ÖÊÈÜÒº280nmµÄ¹âÎüÊÕÖµ£¬ÊÇ·ÖÎöÈÜÒºÖе°°×Öʺ¬Á¿µÄ¿ìËÙ¼ò±ãµÄ·½·¨¡£
2£®Á½ÐÔ½âÀëºÍµÈµçµã£¨isoelectric point, pI£©
    °±»ùËáÔÚË®ÈÜÒº»ò¾§Ìå״̬ʱÒÔÁ½ÐÔÀë×ÓµÄÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£¬¼È¿É×÷ΪËᣨÖÊ×Ó¹©Ì壩£¬ÓÖ¿É×÷Ϊ¼î£¨ÖÊ×ÓÊÜÌ壩Æð×÷Óã¬ÊÇÁ½ÐÔµç½âÖÊ£¬Æä½âÀë¶ÈÓëÈÜÒºµÄpHÓйØ¡£
ÔÚijһpHµÄÈÜÒºÖУ¬°±»ùËá½âÀë³ÉÑôÀë×ÓºÍÒõÀë×ÓµÄÇ÷Êƺͳ̶ÈÏàµÈ£¬³ÉΪ¼æÐÔÀë×Ó£¬³ÊµçÖÐÐÔ£¬´ËʱÈÜÒºµÄpH³ÆΪ¸Ã°±»ùËáµÄµÈµçµã¡£°±»ùËáµÄpIÊÇÓÉα-ôÈ»ùºÍα-°±»ùµÄ½âÀë³£ÊýµÄ¸º¶ÔÊýpK1ºÍpK2¾ö¶¨µÄ¡£¼ÆË㹫ʽΪ£ºpI=1/2(pK1+ pK2)¡£
Èô1¸ö°±»ùËáÓÐ3¸ö¿É½âÀë»ùÍÅ£¬Ð´³öËüÃǵçÀëʽºóÈ¡¼æÐÔÀë×ÓÁ½±ßµÄpKÖµµÄƽ¾ùÖµ£¬¼´Îª´Ë°±»ùËáµÄµÈµçµã£¨ËáÐÔ°±»ùËáµÄµÈµçµãÈ¡Á½ôÈ»ùµÄpKÖµµÄƽ¾ùÖµ£¬¼îÐÔ°±»ùËáµÄµÈµçµãÈ¡Á½°±»ùµÄpKÖµµÄƽ¾ùÖµ£©¡£
3£®°±»ùËáµÄ»¯Ñ§·´Ó¦