Enlightenment
An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.
The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.
Revolutionary War
The War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.
(1)Jonathan Edwards (1703¡ª1785) ÇÇÄÉÉ.°®µÂ»ª×È
Outstanding representative of Puritanism
Personal Narrative (<×ÔÊö>1740);
Freedom of the Will (<ÒâÖ¾µÄ×ÔÓÉ>1754);
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<Ô×ï˵±ç>1758);
Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<ÉñÁéµÄÐÎÓ°>)
(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706¡ª1790) ±¾½ÜÃ÷.¸»À¼¿ËÁÖ
social reform; scientist;
The Autobiography (<×Ô´«>)
Poor Richard¡¯s Almanac (<¸ñÑÔÀúÊé>)
¡°Thirteen Virtues¡± £¨13ÌõÃÀµÂ£©
1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;
2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling conversation;
3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.
6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak, speak accordingly.
8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.
11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another¡¯s peace or reputation.
13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.
(3) Thomas Jefferson (1743¡ª1862) ÍÐÂí˹.½Üì³Ñ·
3rd President of the U. S.
Declaration of Independence (<¶ÀÁ¢ÐûÑÔ>1776)
II The Age of Romanticism (1800¡ª1865)
1 American Romanticism
Romance
Emotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the Romantic period.
Romanticism
A reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.
Neoclassicism
An 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.
(1) Washington Irving (1783¡ª1859) »ªÊ¢¶Ù.Å·ÎÄ
father of American literature
the first American writer of imaginative literature
inspiring the American romantic imagination
The Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <¼ûÎÅÔý¼Ç>
¡°Rip Van Winkle¡± <ÀïÆÕ.·².ο˶û>
¡°The Legend of Sleepy Hollow¡± <˯¹ÈµÄ´«Ëµ>
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (1789¡ª1851) ղķ˹.·ÑÄáĪ.¿â°Ø
The Spy <¼äµý> (1821)
The Leather-Stocking Tales <ƤÍà×ÓÎ岿Çú>£º
The Pioneers <¿ªÍØÕß>£¨1823£©
The Last of the Mohicans <×îºóµÄĪϣ¸ÉÈË> (1826)
The Prairie <²ÝÔ> (1827)
The Pathfinder <̽·Õß> (1840)
The Deerslayer <ɱ¹Õß> (1841)
2 New England Transcendentalism ÐÂÓ¢¸ñÀ¼³¬ÑéÖ÷Òå
or American Renaissance
Transcendentalism
A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.
(1) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803¡ª1882) À¶û·ò.Í߶û¶à.°®Ä¬Éú
A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only the shaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century. The American Scholar, an address delivered before Harvard¡¯s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage Language
Transcendentalist Club
The Dial <ÈÕêÐ>ÔÓÖ¾
Nature <ÂÛ×ÔÈ»>
Self Reliance <ÂÛ×ÔÁ¢>
Essays: First Series <É¢ÎÄÑ¡£ºµÚÒ»¼¯>
Essays: Second Series <É¢ÎÄÑ¡£ºµÚ¶þ¼¯>
Representative Men <´ú±íÐÔÈËÎï>
English Traits <Ó¢¹úÈ˵ÄÌØÐÔ>
The Conduct of Life <ÂÛΪÈË´¦ÊÂ>
(2) Henry David Thoreau (1817¡ª1862) ºàÀû.´óÎÀ.ËóÂÞ
Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.S
Waldon or Life in the Woods <ÎÖ¶ûµÇ/»ª¶ûÌÚorÁÖÖÐÉú»î>
Civil Disobedience <·Ç±©Á¦·´¿¹>or<ÂÛ¹«ÃñµÄ²»·þ´Ó>
The Maine Woods <ÃåÒòÉÁÖ>
Letters to Various Person <ÊéÐż¯>
(3) Edgar Allan Poe £¨1809¡ª1849£©°£µÂ¼Ó.°®Â×.ÆÂ
Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic
Most controversial and misunderstood in America
Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France
A: Poems
To Helen <Ï׸øº£Â×>
The Raven <ÎÚÑ»>
Israfel <ÒÁ˹À·Æ¶û>
B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
MS. Found in a Bottle <ÔÚÆ¿×ÓÀï·¢ÏÖµÄÊÖ¸å>
The Fall of the House of Usher <¶òÉá¹ÅÎݵĵ¹Ëú>
The Masque of the Red Death <ºìÉ«ËÀÍöµÄ»¯×±Îè»á>
C: literary theory
The Poetic Principle <Ê«¸èÔÀí>
The Philosophy of Composition <´´×÷ÕÜѧ>
Review of Twice-Told Tales ÆÀ»ôÉ£µÄ<¹ÊÊÂÖØÊö>
3 Romantic Poets:
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807¡ª1882) ºàÀû.»ª×Èä×˹.ÀÊ·ÑÂÞ
Voices of the Night <Ò¹ô¥¼¯>--catch the attention
Ballads and Other Poems <¸èÒ¥¼°ÆäËü>
Evangeline <ÒÁ·²¼ªÁÖ>
Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <º£»ªÉ¯Ö®¸è>
The Courtship of Miles Standish <Âó¶û˼.˹µ¤µÒÊ¿µÄÇó»é>
Tales of a Wayside Inn <·±ß¾ÆËÁµÄ¹ÊÊÂ>
(2) Walt Whitman (1819¡ª1892) ÎÖ¶ûÌØ.»ÝÌØÂü
The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th century
Leaves of Grass (1855)<²ÝÒ¶¼¯>
Drum-taps (1865) <èõ¹Ä¼¯>
(3) Emily Dickinson (1830¡ª1886) °¬Ã×Àò.µÒ½ðÉ
Great female productive American poet
Write about common things in daily life
Poetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <°¬Ã×Àò.µÒ½ðÉÊ«¼¯>:
Because I Could Not Stop for Death <ÒòΪÎÒ²»ÄܵȴýËÀÉñ>
I Heard a Fly Buzz¡ªWhen I Died <ÎÒËÀʱÌýµ½Á˲ÔÓ¬µÄÎËÎËÉù>
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <ÎÒ´Óδʧµô¹ýÕâô¶àµ«ÓÐÁ½´Î
4 Romantic Novelists:
(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804¡ª1864) ÄÉÈöÄá¶û.»ôÉ£
affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalism
pioneer of psychological novel ÐÄÀíС˵µÄ¿ª´´Õß
wrote about the dark side of society and human nature
using symbolism
The Scarlet Letter <ºì×Ö>
(2) Herman Melville (1819¡ª1891) ºÕ¶ûÂü.÷¶ûά¶û
sailor and whale-hunter
Moby Dcik <°×öL>
5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: ·ÏÅ«Ô˶¯
Abolitionism
Active movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.
(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811¡ª1896) ¹þÀöÌØ.±È³¹.˹ÍзòÈË
Uncle Tom¡¯s Cabin <ÌÀÄ·ÊåÊåµÄСÎÝ>
