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13.ÓïÑÔÏà¶ÔÂÛLinguistic relativism
It refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background.
It¡¯s hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought.
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1.Three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language:
 Broca¡¯s area.     =Expression 
 Wernicke¡¯s area=Understanding
Angular gyrus.    =converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form, vice versa
2.The human brain is the most complicated organ of the body.
3.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain---Cerebral cortex.
4.The Cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions
5.´óÄԲ໯for major mental functions under control of each hemisphere
Left hemisphere  Right hemisphere
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language £¦ speech  ·ÇÓïÑÔÉùÒôµÄ¸ÐÖª
perception of nonlinguistic sounds
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analytic reasoning  ÕûÌåÐÔÍÆÀí
holistic reasoning
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Temporal ordering  ÊÓ¾õºÍ¿Õ¼ä¼¼ÄÜ
visual £¦ spatial skills
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reading £¦ writing  Í¼°¸Ê¶±ð
recognition of patterns
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calculation £¦associative thought  ÒôÀÖÐýÂɵÄʶ±ð
recognition of musical melodies
6.The process of lateralization is believed to be maturational.
7.Most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.
8.Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemisphere comes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks.Á½¶ú·ÖÌýÖ¤Ã÷ÁË×ó°ëÇòµÄ²à»¯¡£
9.Righ hear advantage shows the left hemisphere is not superior for processing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside.
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10.·¨¹úÍâ¿ÆÒ½ÉúBrocaÊǵÚÒ»¸öÖ¤Ã÷damage to a specific area of the brain results in a speech production deficit.
11.µÂ¹úÄÚ¿ÆÒ½ÉúCarl WernickeÔÚ1874·¢±íµÄÂÛÎļÙÉèthere was more than one language area in the left brain.
12.Angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke¡¯s area.this area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, for the comprehension of written language and require connections between visual and speech organs.
13.When we listen,the word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke¡¯s area.
14.The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one¡¯s life extending from about two to puberty.   ¶¨Ò壡£¡
15.LennebergµÄÍƶÏ£¬ÍƳöÁËCerebral plasticity.
16.ÅжÏÌâ A safe conclusion from Genie¡¯s case for the moment is that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.
17. ÔçÆÚѧÕßÕë¶ÔÓïÑÔºÍ˼ÏëµÄ¹Ûµã
¢ÅPlato suggested that thought was the soul¡¯s discourse with itself.
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¢ÆAristotle, who argued that mankind could not have the same languages and that languages were but signs of psychological experiences.
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The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist.
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¢ÇWatson, thinking involved the same motor activities used in speaking, Bloomfield, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible.
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18.Ìî¿ÕThe relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite arbitrary. !!!!
19.Language as a conventional coding system to express thought.
20.we recognize that language doesn¡¯t so much determine the way we think as it influences the way we perceive the world and recall things, and affects the ease with which we perform mental tasks.
21.Major functions of language
¢Å a means of interpersonal communication.È˼ʽ»Á÷
¢Æ a means of intrapersonal communication.×ÔÎÒ½»Á÷
22.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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   Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and so the nature of thought.
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1.in what cortical regions are speech and language thought to be localized?
In what have come to be known as Broca¡¯s area, Wernicke¡¯s area and angular gyrus, all located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
2.how In your opinion does language relate thought and culture?
Language doesn¡¯t determine the way the speaker perceives the world, but largely functions as a means by which information can be stored and received, by which a culture transmits its belief, values and norms, and by which the speaker interacts other members of the cultures.
3.Describe the processes of language perception, comprehension and production.
It¡¯s been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing, understanding and then saying a word would follow a definite pattern,
when we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke¡¯s area, this signal is then transferred to Broca¡¯s area where preparations are made to produce it. A signal is then sent to the motor area controlling the vocal tract to physically articulate the word.
When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke¡¯s area and sent to Broca¡¯s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area.
Chapter 10   Language Acquisition
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1.ÓïÑÔÏ°µÃLanguage acquisition
Language acquisition refers to the development of the Child¡¯s acquisition of his mother tongue or first language, i.e, how he comes to understand and to speak the language of his community.
2.ÊäÈëInput
It refers to the language which a learner bears or receives and from which he or she can learn.
3.ÐÐΪÖ÷ÒåѧϰÀíÂÛBehaviourist learning theory
It¡¯s a theory of Psychology suggests that the learner¡¯s verbal behaviour is conditioned or reinforced through association between a stimulus and response when applied to first language acquisition.
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4.¶À´Ê¾äOne word holophrase / holophrase
It refers to a single word that appears in children¡¯s early speech and functions as a complex idea or sentence.
5.µç±¨Ê½ÑÔÓïTelegraphic speech   ÊôÓÚearly multiword ½×¶Î
It refers to the early speech of children. it¡¯s so called because it lacks the same sorts of words which adults typically leave out of telegrams(such as non-substantive words and inflectional morphemes).
Ò²¿ÉÒÔ˵³ÉȱÉÙinflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.
6.תÒÆLanguage transfer
It refers to the learners will subconsciously use their knowledge in learning a second language. Transfer can be either positive or negative.
7.¶Ô±È·ÖÎöContrastive Analysis
It refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner¡¯s first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.
²¹³äestablish linguistic differences between native and target language systems.
8.´íÎó·ÖÎöError Analysis
An approach to the study and analysis of the errors made by the second language learners which suggests that many learner errors are not due to the learner¡¯ s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as over-generalization and simplification of rules.