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　　4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most  probably in order to illustrate

　　(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory

　　(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates

　　(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy

　　(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies

　　(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer's reputation

　　5. By asserting that manufacturers "are simply unaware" (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?

　　(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
　　(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.

　　(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.

　　(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.

　　(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.

　　6. The information in the passage suggests that which of the following, if true, would make donating excess inv entory to charity less attractive to manufacturers than dumping?

　　(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable destination are greater than the above-cost tax deduction.

　　(B) The news media give manufacturers' charitable contributions the same amount of coverage that they give dumping.

　　(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for items that are dumped.

　　(D) The fair-market value of an item in excess inventory is 1.5 times its cost.

　　(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a change in the public's preferences.

　　7. Information in the passage suggests that one reason manufacturers might take advantage of the tax provision mentioned in the last paragraph is that

　　(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot be legally dumped in a landfill

　　(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products with slight imperfections

　　(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of manufacturing the product

　　(D) media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory products to charity is widespread and favorable
       (E) no tax deduction is available for products dumped or sold to a liquidator