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¡¡Producers of the Beta format for video-cassette recorders £¨VCR`s£©£¬ for example£¬ were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975£¬but producers of the rival VHS£¨Video Home System£©format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution£¬ Beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.

¡¡¡¡Despite Beta`s substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta£¬ developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS`s share of the market. By the end of the 1980`s£¬ Beta was no longer in production.

¡¡¡¡1.The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following£¿

¡¡¡¡£¨A£© Evaluating two competing technologies

¡¡¡¡£¨B£© Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events

¡¡¡¡£¨C£© Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history

¡¡¡¡£¨D£© illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history

¡¡¡¡£¨E£© Proposing an innovative approach to business planning

¡¡¡¡2. According to the passage£¬ today's successful firms£¬ unlike successful firms in the past£¬ may earn the greatest profits by

¡¡¡¡£¨A£© investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology

¡¡¡¡£¨B£© being the first to market a competing technology

¡¡¡¡£¨C£© adapting rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm

¡¡¡¡£¨D£© establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of completion firms

¡¡¡¡£¨E£© emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology

¡¡¡¡3.According to the passage£¬ consumers began to develop a preference for VCR`s in the VHS format because they believe which of the following£¿

¡¡¡¡£¨A£© VCR`s in the VHS format were technically better than competing-format VCR`S.

¡¡¡¡£¨B£© VCR`s in the VHS format were less expensive than competing-format VCR`S.

¡¡¡¡£¨C£© VHS was the first standard format for VCR`s.

¡¡¡¡£¨D£© VHS prerecorded videotapes were more available than Beta-format tapes.

¡¡¡¡£¨E£© VCR`s in the Beta-form would soon cease to be produced.

¡¡¡¡4. The author implies that one way that VHS producers won control over the VCR marker was by

¡¡¡¡£¨A£© carefully restricting access to VCR technology

¡¡¡¡£¨B£© giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in order to improve long-term prospects

¡¡¡¡£¨C£© retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes

¡¡¡¡£¨D£© sharing control of the marketing of VHS-format VCR's

¡¡¡¡£¨E£© sacrificing technological superiority over Beta format VCR's in order to remain competitive in price