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41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. µ«ÊÇ£¬ÒªÏëÑØ×ÅÔ­ÉúºÍ·ÇÔ­ÉúÎïÖÊÖ®¼äµÄ½çÃæ»ñÈ¡ÉúÀíÌØÐԵıØҪƥÅ䣬ÐèҪijÖÖ֪ʶ£¬¼´Ê²Ã´ÑùµÄ·Ö×Ó¿ØÖÆ×Åϸ°û±Ë´Ë¼äµÄ½áºÏ--¶ø¶ÔÕâÒ»ÁìÓò£¬ÎÒÃÇÉÐδ½øÐгä·ÖµÄ̽Ë÷¡£

42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding£¬of course£¬a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. ÒÁ˹À¼·¨ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÈç´Ë²»Í¬ÓÚËùÓÐÆäËü·¨ÂÉÐÎʽµÄÏÖÏó--ÎãÓ¹ÖÃÒÉ£¬¾¡¹Ü¾ÍÆäÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈݺÍÓлý¼«ÒâÒåµÄ·¨¹æ¶øÑÔ£¬ÓëÆäËü·¨ÂÉÐÎʽÖеÄÕâÖÖ»òÄÇÖÖÐÎʽ´æÔÚ×ÅÏ൱ÊýÁ¿µÄÇÒ²»¿É±ÜÃâµÄÇɺÏÏàËÆÖ®´¦--ÒÔÖÂÓÚ¶ÔËü½øÐÐÑо¿±ãÏԵò»¿É»òȱ£¬ÒÔ±ã³ä·ÖÀí½âÓпÉÄÜ´æÔڵķ¨ÂÉÏÖÏóµÄÈ«²¿·¶Î§¡£

43. £¨Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.£©Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora £¨the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel£©£¬ the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud£¬ one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. ¾¡¹Ü´ÓÀúÊ·½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬ÔڹŴúÒÔÉ«ÁÐ×÷Ϊ¶ÀÁ¢Ö÷Ȩ¹ú¼ÒµÄÓÌÌ«½Ì·¨Óë´óÁ÷ɢʱÆÚ£¨Diaspora£¬¼´ÒÔÉ«Áб»Õ÷·þºó¹Å´úÓÌÌ«È˱»°Í±ÈÂ×ÈËÖð³ö¹ÊÍÁ£©µÄÓÌÌ«½Ì·¨Ö®¼ä´æÔÚ×ÅÒ»¸öÃ÷Îú¿É±æµÄ¶ÏÁÑ£¬È»Ôò£¬¡¶¾ÉԼȫÊé¡·£¨Old Testament£©ºó°ë²¿·ÖÖз¨ÂÉÄÚÈݵľ«ÉñÓ롶ÓÌÌ«½Ì·¨µä¡·£¨Talmud£©¼«ÎªÒ»ÂöÏà³Ð£¬¶øËùνµÄ¡¶ÓÌÌ«½Ì·¨µä¡·£¬ÊÇÖ¸´óÁ÷ɢʱÆÚÓÌÌ«½Ì·¨µÄÖ÷Òªµä¼®¼­Â¼Ö®Ò»¡£

44. Islam£¬on the other hand£¬represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it£»Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle£¬(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform£¬comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÒÁ˹À¼½ÌÔò´ú±í×ÅÓë´ËÇ°´æÔڵİ¢À­²®Òì½Ì£¨Arab paganism£©µÄÒ»ÖÖ¸ù±¾ÉϵľöÁÑ£»ÒÁ˹À¼·¨ÊÇ´Ó×ڽ̵ĽǶÈ£¬¶Ô¸÷ÖÖÔÓÂÒÎÞÕ¡¢¾øÎÞ¹²Í¬µãµÄ·¨ÂÉÄÚÈݽøÐп¼²ìËùÖµĽá¹û£¬¶øÕâЩ·¨ÂÉÄÚÈÝʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÓÉÇ°ÒÁ˹À¼°¢À­²®¹ú¼Ò£¨Pre-Islamic Arabia£©·¨ÂɵIJ»¾¡ÏàͬµÄ×é³É²¿·ÖÒÔ¼°ÓÉ´Ó±»Õ÷·þµÄÍÁµØÉÏ·Ç°¢À­²®Ãñ×å½è¼ø¹ýÀ´µÄÎÞÊý·¨ÂÉÒòËØËù¹¹³É¡£ (as it did )ʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÒ»¾ä²åÈëÓï¡£

45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution£ºspecifically£¬the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes£¬if they can be identified and isolated£¬that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence£¬(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. ÕâÆäÖеÄÒ»¸öÐÂӱ˼Ïë¾ÍÊÇ£¬ÔÚÖ²ÎïµÄȾɫÌ壨chromosome£©ÄÚ×¢Èë²¢·ÇÊǸÃÖ²Îï×ÔÈ»¹¹ÔìÒ»¸ö²¿·ÖµÄÄÇЩ²»Ïà¹ØÁªµÄÒò»ù£º¾ßÌå¶øÑÔ£¬Õâһ˼ÏëÊÇ£¬ÔڷǶ¹¿ÆÖ²ÎïÄÚ×¢ÈëÕâÑùһЩ»ùÒò£¬ÌÈÈôÕâЩ»ùÒò¿É±»±æʶ³öÀ´²¢±»·ÖÀ뿪À´£¬¶øÕâЩ»ùÒòÒµÒÑʹ¶¹¿ÆÖ²ÎïÒËÓڳ䵱ÄÇЩ¾ß±¸¹Ìµª×÷ÓõÄϸ¾úµÄ¼ÄÖ÷¡£ÓÉ´Ë£¬¶Ô¶¹¿ÆÖ²ÎïµÄÑо¿ÈÕÇ÷ÉîÈë¡£

46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. ÏÂÊöÇéÐÎÕæ¿ÉνÊÇ×ÔÈ»½çµÄÒ»¸öĪ´ó·í´Ì£ºÍÁÈÀÖÐËùÄÜ»ñµÃµÄµª·ÊÁ¿ÍùÍù¶ÔÖ²ÎïµÄÉú³¤¹¹³ÉÁËÒ»¸öÉÏÏÞ£¬ËäȻֲÎïµÄÒ¶×Ó±»ãåÔ¡ÔÚһƬµªÆøµÄº£ÑóÖС£

47. Unless they succeed£¬the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated£¬and even if the transfer of those gene complexes£¬once they are found£¬ becomes possible. ³ý·ÇËûÃÇÄÜÈ¡µÃ³É¹¦£¬²»È»µÄ»°£¬ÂÌÉ«¸ïÃüµÄ²úÁ¿ÊÕÒ潫Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏËðʧ´ù¾¡£¬¼´Ê¹¶¹¿ÆÖ²ÎïÖÐʹÕâЩֲÎïÓÐÌõ¼þ½øÈëµ½Óë¹ÌµªÏ¸¾ú¹²Éú¹ØϵµÄ»ùÒò¿É±»±æʶ³öÀ´ºÍ·ÖÀ뿪À´µÄ»°£¬ÇÒ¼´Ê¹ÕâЩ»ùÒò×ÛºÏÌ壨gene complex£©£¬Ò»µ©±»·¢ÏÖÖ®ºó£¬ÆäÒÆÖ²µÃÒÔ³ÉΪ¿ÉÄܵĻ°¡£

48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack's categories)is "life-as-spectacle£¬" for readers, diverted by its various incidents£¬observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without£»the tragic Iliad£¬however£¬presents "life-as-experience"£ºreaders are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles£¬whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. ÆäÖ÷Ì⡲Èô½è¼ø÷Äɵ¡£Âõ¿Ë£¨Maynard Mack£©µÄÁ½¸ö·ÖÀà·¶³ëµÄ»°¡³ÊÇ"ÈËÉú×÷ΪÍⲿ¾°Ïó"£¬ÒòΪ¶ÁÕßµÄ×¢ÒâÁ¦±»×÷Æ·ÄÇÐÎÐÎÉ«É«µÄʼþËù·ÖÉ¢£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇ´ÓÍⲿÀ´¹Û²ìÆäÖ÷È˹«°ÂµÂÐÞ˹£¨Odyssus£©µÄ£»È»¶ø£¬¸»ÓÚ±¯¾çÉ«²ÊµÄ¡¶ÒÁÀûÑÇÌØ¡·Ëù±íÏÖµÄÔòÊÇ"ÈËÉú×÷ΪÄÚÐÄÌåÑé"£º¶ÁÕß±»ÒªÇóÓë°¢»ùÁð˹£¨Achilles£©µÄÐÄÁé²úÉú¹²Ãù£¬¶øÆäÐÐΪ¶¯»úÈ´ÖÂʹËû±ä×÷Ò»¸ö²¢·ÇÌرðÈÇÈËϲ°®µÄÖ÷È˹«¡£ £¨´Ó·ÖºÅºóµÄÓï¾äÍÆÀí³öÇ°ÃæµÄÒâ˼£©×¢£ºhero:Ö÷È˹«£»without:Íⲿ£»likable:ÓÐÎüÒýÁ¦µÄ

49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement£º before maturity one eye migrates£¬so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. ÔÚÒ»Ìõ³ÉÄê±ÈÄ¿ÓãÉíÉÏÏÔÖø´æÔÚµÄÖî¶à²»¶Ô³Æ£¨asymmetry£©ÌØÕ÷ÖУ¬×îΪÎüÈËעĿµÄÊÇÑÛ¾¦µÄ°Úλ£ºÔÚ³ÉÄê֮ǰ£¬Ò»Ö»ÑÛ¾¦·¢ÉúÒƶ¯£¬Òò´ËÔÚ³ÉÄê±ÈÄ¿ÓãÉíÉÏ£¬Á½Ö»ÑÛ¾¦¾ùλÓÚÍ·²¿µÄͬһ²àÃæ¡£

50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . Ò»¸ö¶ÔÓÚHµÄ¹ØÓÚΪºÎ·¨ÂÉÉϵÄÅ«Á¥ÖÆûÓÐÔÚ17ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÒÔÇ°³öÏÖµÄÔ­ÒòËù×÷½âÊ͵ÄÅúÆÀÏÔʾ£¬¹ØÓÚÅ«Á¥ÖƺÍÖÖ×åÆ«¼ûÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØϵµÄ¼Ù˵Ӧµ±ÖØмì²é£¬¶øÇÒÏÔʾ³ö£¬¶ÔÓÚÔÚ±±ÃÀºÍÄÏÃÀÖ®¼äµÄ¶ÔºÚÅ­µÄ²»Í¬´¦ÀíµÄ½âÊÍÓ¦µ±±»À©Õ¹¡£

51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands£¬islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle£¬are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system£¬ whose source£¬most geologists contend£¬is the upper mantle. ¶ÔÓÚµØ᣷ֲãÂÛµãÀ´Ëµ£¬×îºÃµÄÖ¤¾ÝÄËÕâÑùÒ»¸öÈ·ÈϵÄÊÂʵ£¬¼´ÔÚÄÇЩº£ÑóµºÓì--ÕâЩµºÓì¾ÝÐÅÊÇÔ´ÓÚÓÉϲãµØá£ÉýÉÏÀ´µÄµØá£Öù×´ÈÜÑÒÁ÷£¨mantle plume£©--ÉÏ·¢ÏֵĻðɽÑÒʯ£¬ÊÇÓÉÓ뺣ÑóÖв¿É½¼¹ÏµÍ³µÄÎïÖʸù±¾²»Í¬µÄÎïÖʹ¹³ÉµÄ£¬¶øÕâÒ»º£ÑóÖв¿É½¼¹ÏµÍ³µÄ³ÉÒò£¬´ó¶àÊýµØÖÊѧ¼ÒÂÛ±çµÀ£¬ÎªÉϲ¿µØᣡ£

52. Some geologists£¬however£¬on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths£¬ argue that the mantle is not layered£¬but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" £¨elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state£©percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly£¬according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. µ«ÊÇ£¬Ä³Ð©µØÖÊѧ¼Ò£¬ÒÔ¶ÔµØᣲ¶Â²ÑÒÌ壨xenolith£©Ëù×÷µÄ¹Û²ìΪÒÀ¾Ý£¬Ö¸³öµØᣲ¢·ÇÊÇ·Ö²ãÅÅÁеÄ£¬Ïà·´£¬µØᣵÄÒìÖÊÐÔÊÇÓÉÄÇЩ¸»º¬"²»ÏàÈݳɷÖ"µÄÁ÷Öʹ¹³ÉµÄ£¬ÕâЩ³É·ÖÇ÷ÏòÓÚÁ÷Ìå¶ø·Ç¹ÌÌåµÄ״̬£¬×Ô϶øÉÏÉø͸À©É¢£¬²¢ÒÀÕÕÕâЩÁ÷ÖÊÁ÷ÏòµÄÈÎÒâÐÔ£¬²»¹æÔòµØ½«Éϲ¿µØᣵÄijЩ²¿·ÖÓèÒԸıä¡£

53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. FÈÏΪ£¬PÔÚ1908ÄêÊÔͼ¿ªÊ¼Ð´Ò»²¿Ð¡Ëµ£¬ÓÖΪÁËдһ²¿ÅúÅÐS-BµÄ ΰ´ó×÷Æ·µÄÕæÕý±¾ÖʵÄÊÓ¶ø²»¼ûµÄ³¤ÆªµÄÖ¤Ã÷¶ø·ÅÆúÁËÕⲿС˵£¬ÆäºóÓÖ·¢ÏÖÕâÒ»ÂÛÎÄÓÖ¹´ÆðÁËÆä¸öÈ˼ÇÒ估С˵Çé½ÚµÄÃÈÉú£¬Ê¹µÃºóÕßÈ¡¶ø´úÖ®ÐγÉÁËÒ»²¿Îȶ¨Õ¹¿ªµÄС˵¡£

54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels£¬from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings£¬ made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. ¸÷ÖÖÓÐÒâÒåµÄÁªÏµÔÚËùÓеIJã´ÎÉÏ£¬×Ô³éÏóµÄÀíÐÔÖÁÉî¿ÌµÄÃλðãµÄÇé¸Ð£¬²ã³ö²»Çî²¢²»¶ÏÖØÐÂ×éºÏÅÅÁУ»ÕýÊÇÕâЩÓÐÒâÒåµÄÁªÏµµÄ·á¸»ÐԺ͸´ÔÓÐÔ£¬ÖÂʹÆÕ³˹ÌØÄÑÓÚ½«ËüÃÇ´íÂäÓÐÖµذ²ÅźÃ¡£

55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. µ«ÊÇÎÒÃǵ±ÖеÄÄÇЩϣÍû£¨Ò²ËãÉÏK±¾ÈË£©Kгö°æµÄP1909ÄêÊéÐŵÄÈ«¼¯Äܹ»¸ü¼ÓÏêϸµÄ¼Ç¼ÏÂÕâÒ»¹ý³ÌµÄÈ˶¼´óʧËùÍû¡£

56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally £¬a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃDZØÐëÒ²°´ÕÕÎÒÃÇÄ«Î÷¸çÒáµÄÃÀ¹úÈ˵ľ­ÀúÀ´ÉóÊÓÕâ¸öÎÄ»¯£¬ÎÒÃǵľ­ÀúÊÇ´ÓÒ»¸öÖ÷ȨµÄÃñ×å±ä³ÉÁËÐÂÀ´µÄ¶¨¾ÓÕßµÄͬ°û£¬ÔÚ×îÖÕÂÙÂä³ÉΪһ¸ö±»Õ÷·þµÄÃñ×å--ÔÚÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÍÁµØÉϵÄÆõÔ¼µÄÉÙÊýÃñ×å¡£

57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's £¨cDNA's£©that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones£¬the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them£¬then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's£¬but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. ¿Æѧ¼Ò¿ÉÒÔÖÆÔì³öÌØÒìµÄ£¨specific£©»¥²¹DNA's£¨cDNA's£©£¬ÒÔ´Ë×÷Ϊ·Ö×Ó̽×Ó£¨molecular probe£©£¬Ì½ÃÙ³öëļ¤ËصÄÐÅʹRNA's£¨mRNA's£©¡£Èç¹û´óÄÔÕýÔÚÖÆÔì×Åëļ¤ËØ£¬Ôòϸ°û¾Í»áº¬ÓÐÕâЩÐÅʹRNA's.¼ÙÈôϸ°ûËùÖÆÔìµÄ²úÆ·ÀàËÆÓÚëļ¤Ëص«²¢·ÇÓëÕâЩëļ¤ËØÈ«È»Ïàͬ£¬ÄÇô£¬»¥²¹cDNA'sÓ¦ÈÔÈ»ºÍÕâЩÐÅʹmDNA'sÕ³½áµÄ³Ì¶È¡£º¬ÓÐÕâЩmRNA'sµÄÄÔϸ°ûÈ»ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±»·ÖÀ뿪À´£¬Ñо¿Õ߿ɶÔÆäÐÅʹRNA's½øÐнâÂ룬ÒÔÈ·¶¨ËüÃǵĵ°°×ÖʲúÆ·¾¿¾¹ÊÇʲô£¬²¢È·¶¨ÕâЩµ°°×ÖʲúÆ·ÔÚºÎÖ̶ֳÈÉÏÀàËÆÓÚÕæÕýµÄëļ¤ËØ¡£

58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. ²ÉÓÃcDNA̽×ÓÀ´²â¶¨ëļ¤ËصÄÕâÒ»·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ·½·¨Í¬Ê±Ò²Ó¦¸Ã±ÈÃâÒßѧµÄ·½·¨ËÙ¶ÈÀ´µÃ¿ì£¬ÒòΪ¶ÔÓÚÃâÒߵķ½·¨À´Ëµ£¬ÐèºÄ·ÑºÃ¼¸Äê¿ÝÔïµÄÌá´¿½ø³Ì£¬·½Äܽ«ëÄËØ·ÖÀëÁ˳öÀ´£¬È»ºóÔÙÅàÑø³öÕë¶ÔËüÃǵĿ¹ÑªÇå¡£

59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. È»¶ø£¬Ñо¿Pʱ´úµÄÑо¿Õß·¢Õ¹³ýÁ˸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄ»ò¶à»òÉÙÓÐЩÆæ¹Ö˼ÏëµÄÄ£ÐÍϵͳ£¬ÓÃÀ´ÏÔʾÈç¹ûÓÉËûÃÇÀ´¾ö¶¨µØÖÊʼþµÄ»°ËûÃǽ«»áÈçºÎ°²Åűù´¨¼Í¡£

60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods£¬rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. ÕâÒ»ÐòÁÐÑÝÌ棨succession£©ËùÒÀ¾ÝµÄ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇһϵÁÐÓë±ù´¨Æںͼä±ùÆÚ²¢²»Ö±½ÓÏà¹ØµÄµØÖʳÁ»ýÎïºÍµØÖÊʼþ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÒÀ¾Ý¸üΪÆÕ±éµÄÏÖ´ú·½·¨£¬È¥Ñо¿¼ä±ù²ã£¨interglacial bed£©ÖÐËù·¢ÏÖµÄÉúÎï²ÐÁôÎ¶øÕâЩ¼ä±ù²ã±¾ÉíÓÖÔÚ±ù´¨³Á»ýÎï·¢Éú¼ä²ã»¯£¨interstatified£©¡£