Here Degas shows a couple in a caf¨¦ staring out 1)disconsolately, with a glass of the 2)deadly green 3)absinthe on the table in front of the woman. Degas¡¯ friend Monet painted a dandish male absinthe drinker just over a decade before. But Degas in many ways paints a more 4)graphic picture which doesn¡¯t 5)glamorize either the caf¨¦ itself or the drink, which was 6)deemed to be 7)addictive and 8)lethal enough to be banned by the end of the century. Instead he paints a sympathetic portrait of a tough, dreary world from which the only escape is drink. The work provoked a strong reaction when it was first shown at the second 9)impressionist exhibition in 1876. But its notoriety helped Degas to sell the work to an English collector called Captain Hill from Brighton.
Degas remained interested in public spectacle as well as private and produced this dramatic image of the acrobat Miss Lala, a 10)sensation is Paris in 1879 when she performed at the 11)circus Fernando. Her specialties included the 12)trapeze, and, most 13)spectacularly of all, being hauled up to the roof by her teeth in a painting which you could say has a real bite. It¡¯s an image which captures the sense of physical 14)exertion as well as perfect 15)poise, and makes us look up at this almost angel-like figure with a feeling of 16)precariousness and 17)awe as if we¡¯re seated in the circus room below.
In this painting, color takes over in a 18)blazing symphony of reds which 19)amplify the 20)dynamic image of the woman having her hair combed in a way that is almost savage. She 21)clutches at her head to stop the maid from pulling it out by the roots. The whole 22)thrust of the painting follows the line of that 23)tugging action from bottom left to top right, and in what might otherwise be a 24)tweed image of booed wild 25)vanity. Degas gives us an almost uncomfortable image of energy.
The bathers were the final stage Degas¡¯ chronicling of the various experiences of contemporary women almost to the point of 26)obsession with every 27)conceivable aspect of their lives charted when used as a 28)vehicle for his exploration of different artist media. In the 1890s, as his sight got worse, his images of women became even more 29)radical. Depicted in ever more closer, 30)cropped, and increasingly abstracted forms. In this bold picture, the forms are 31)layered, with the figures visible in the distance, but the motion of the picture is pushing forward into our faces amplified by the skins of 32)pastel 33)pigment creating a pattern of 34)kaleidoscopic color. It¡¯s a fitting finale from the dance 35)maestro Degas, the work which makes you dizzy just looking at it 36)animated in style and subject matter and as one artistorian observed, elevating pastel painting to a major art form.
Ironically, in his late use of bold simplified colors with a degree of abandon, Degas came closest to the concerns of mainstream impressionism. But he also anticipated a more expressionistic approach to art, which flourished in the next century. Above all, though it was his line work, sense of experimentation, coupled with a complex and often dark vision of contemporary life, which fascinated artists from Picasso onwards.
µÂ¼ÓÓ¡Ïó
ÔÚÕâÕÅ»ÖУ¬µÂ¼Ó»ÁË¿§·È¹ÝÀïÒ»¶ÔÄ¿¹â³îÃƵÄÇ飬Ů×ÓÃæÇ°µÄ×ÀÉÏ·Å×ÅÒ»±²ÒÂ̵Ŀబ¾Æ¡£Ê®ÄêÇ°£¬µÂ¼ÓµÄÅóÓÑĪÄλ¹ýÒ»¸öÒû¿à°¬¾ÆµÄæýç«×ӵܡ£¿ÉÊÇ´Ó¶à¸ö½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬µÂ¼ÓµÄ»¸ü¼ÓÉú¶¯ÏÊÃ÷£¬¼ÈûÓÐÃÀ»¯¿§·È¹ÝҲûÓÐÃÀ»¯¿à°¬¾Æ£¬ºóÕßÔÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©±»ÈÏΪÊÇ»áÉÏñ«ÖÂÃüµÄ½ûÎï¡£Óë´ËÏà·´£¬Ëû»ÁËÒýÈËͬÇéµÄÒ»ÕÅ»£¬ÔÚ¼èÄѶø³ÁÃƵÄÊÀ½çÀ¾Æ³ÉÁËΨһµÄÌӱܡ£ÕâÕÅ»³õ´ÎÔÚ1876ÄêµÚ¶þ½ìÓ¡ÏóÅɻչÉÏÕ¹³ö£¬¾ÍÒýÆðÁËÇ¿ÁÒ·´Ïì¡£¿ÉÊÇËü±³¸ºµÄ¶ñÃûʹµÂ¼ÓÖ»ºÃ°Ñ»Âô¸øÁËÀ´×Ô²¼À³¶ÙµÄÓ¢¹úÊղؼÒÏ£¶ûÉÏξ¡£
µÂ¼Ó¶Ô¹«ÖÚºÍ˽ÈËÑݳö¶¼ºÜ¸ÐÐËȤ£¬ËùÒÔ¸øÔÓ¼¼ÑÝÔ±ÀÀ»³öÁËÕâÕÅÉú¶¯µÄ»Ïñ£¬ÀÀ1879ÄêËæ·ÑÄ϶àÂíÏ·ÍÅÔÚ°ÍÀèÑݳö£¬·Ç³£ºä¶¯¡£ËýµÄÌس¤ÊÇ´òÇïǧ£¬ÆäÖÐ×È˵ÄÊÇËýÒ§½ôÑÀ±»µõµ½Îݶ¥£¬´Ó»ÖÐÄãÄÜ¿´µ½Ò§µÃºÜ½ô¡£ÕâÕÅ»²¶×½µ½ÁËÉíÌåÁ¦¶È¸ÐÒÔ¼°ÍêÃÀµÄƽºâ£¬Ê¹ÎÒÃÇ´ÓÑöÍ·µÄ½Ç¶È¿´µ½ÈËÎ¸ÐÊܵ½²»ÎÈÓëη¾å£¬·Â·ðÎÒÃǾÍÊÇ×øÔÚµ×ϵÄÂíÏ·ÍÅ·¿¼äÀïËƵġ£
ÕâÕÅ»ÖУ¬ÑÕÉ«±àÖ¯³ö¼¤ÁҵĺìÉ«½»ÏìÇú£¬¼¸½ü±©Á¦µÄÊáÍ·¶¯×÷ʹ»ÃæµÄ¶¯¸ÐµÃµ½Í»³ö¡£Å®×ÓץסͷÒÔ·ÀÍ··¢¸øÊÌÅ®Á¬¸ù°Î³ö¡£»ÃæµÄÁ¦¶È˳×ÅÍÏÍ··¢µÄ·½ÏòÓÉ×óϳ¯ÓÒÉÏ·½×ߣ¬Èç¹ûÓÃÆäËû±íÏÖ·½Ê½Ôò»áÔì³É»Ãæ½á¹¹ËÉÉ¢£¬¿Õ°×¹ý¶à¶ø²»Ìֺᣵ¼ÓÏòÎÒÃÇÕ¹ÏÖÁËÒ»¹É¼¸ºõÊÇÁîÈ˲»Êæ·þµÄÁ¦Á¿¡£
ÈëÔ¡Õß³£³öÏÖÔڵ¼Ó×îºó¼¸ÄêµÄ»ÖУ¬ËûΪµ±Ê±¸÷ÀàÅ®ÐÔ×÷»£¬ÈëľÈý·ÖµØ±íÏÖ³öËýÃÇÉú»îÖÐËùÓпÉÏëµ½µÄ·½Ã棬²¢½è´ËÀ´Ì½Ë÷²»Í¬µÄÒÕÊõ±íÏÖÊÖ·¨¡£ÔÚ19ÊÀ¼Í90Äê´ú£¬µÂ¼ÓµÄÊÓÁ¦Ã¿¿öÓúÏ£¬Ëû»ÖеÄÅ®×ÓÒ²ÓúÏÔ¼«¶Ë¡£ÌØд¸ü¶à£¬¸üÍ»³ö£¬¸ü³éÏó¡£ÕâÕÅ»µÄÊÖ·¨´óµ¨£¬ºÜÓвã´Î¸Ð£¬ÄÜ¿´µÃµ½Ô¶´¦µÄÈËÎµ«·Û²Ê´´Ôì³öÍò»¨Í²°ãµÄ»ÃæЧ¹û£¬Í»³öÁËÈËÎＡ·ô£¬Ê¹»ÃæºôÖ®Óû³ö¡£ÕâÕÅ»ÊÇÒÕÊõ´óʦµÂ¼ÓµÄ»±ÊϵÄÖÕ³¡Ö®Î裬Æä·ç¸ñÓëÌâ²Ä¶¼ºÜ»îÆã¬Áî¹ÛÕßÄ¿²»Ï¾½Ó£¬´ÓÒÕÊõ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬Ëü½«·Û±Ê»æ»ÌáÉýµ½Ö÷Á÷ÒÕÊõÖС£
¾ßÓзí´ÌÒâζµÄÊÇ£¬µÂ¼ÓºóÀ´´óµ¨ÞðÆúһЩÑÕÉ«£¬¼ò»¯ÁËÉ«µ÷£¬·Ç³£½Ó½üÓ¡ÏóÖ÷ÒåÖ÷Á÷ÅÉ¡£µ«ËûÒ²ÏÈÒ»²½ÓóöÁ˽Ͼ߱íÏÖÖ÷ÒåµÄÒÕÊõ»·¨£¬±íÏÖÖ÷ÒåÔÚ϶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÏ൱ʢÐС£¾¡¹ÜËûµÄ´ú±í×÷ÖдøÓÐʵÑé¸Ð£¬¼æ±íÏÖÁ˵±Ê±Éú»îÖи´ÔÓµÄÒõ°µÃ棬µ«ÖØÒªµÄÊǵ¼ӵĻ¸øºóÀ´µÄ±Ï¼ÓË÷µÈ»¼ÒÌṩÁ˷ḻµÄÁé¸Ð¡£
