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The Restoration
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When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell"s generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King"s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.
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The Glorious Revolution of 1688
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In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
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The Gunpowder Plot of 1605
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The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
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The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
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I. Whigs and Tories
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These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).
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The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.
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The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
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I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century
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During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the ¡°open-field¡± system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:
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£¨1£© Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;
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£¨2£© More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied;
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£¨3£© Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World;
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II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
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1£®The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
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2£®Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:
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(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;
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(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.
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(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
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(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
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(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.
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(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
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(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
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