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第四道题 NO .4 (Reading—listening--speaking): academic course topic
n      Reading (short passage about an academic subject: life science, physical science and the humanities. -------no outside knowledge is needed)
n      listening (a professor give a brief excerpt from a lecture on that subject)
n      Difference between reading passage and listening material
Reading passage
(definition of a process or principle)
 Listening material
( example or counterexample)
 
Same subject
General & abstract termsMore specifically & concretely

n      Taking notes while listening
ü      major points
ü      Important examples, figures
ü      Causes (cause-and-effect relationship)
Format for NO. 4
In this set of materials, the reading passage describes ………….. and the listening passage is a lecture by a professor on…………
According to the reading passage…
In the listening passage, the professor discusses ……...
 
典型例题：
      Animal Domestication
      For thousands of years, humans have been able to domesticate, or tame, many large mammals that in the wild live together in herds. Once tamed, these mammals are used for agricultural work and transportation. Yet some herd mammals are not easily domesticated.
A good indicator of an animal’s suitability for domestication is how protective the animal is of its territory. Non-territorial animals are more easily domesticated than territorial animals because they can live close together with animals from other herds. A second indicator is that animals with a hierarchical social structure, in which herd members follow a leader, are easy to domesticate, since a human can function as the “leader”.
Narrator
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in an ecology class.
Topic of the reading passage: Animal Domestication
Main points :
ü        Some are not easily domesticated.
ü        How protective the animal is of its territory
ü        Animals with a hierarchical social structure are easy to domesticate
The professor describes the behavior of horses and antelope in herds. Explain how their behavior is related to their suitability for domestication..
 
Sample Answer:
      In this set of materials, the reading passage describes the principle of animal domestication t and the listening passage is a lecture by a professor on the same topic.. 
      According to the reading passage, non-terrestrial animal are more easily domesticated than those terrestrial animals..
In the listening passage, the professor discusses the same topic. According to the professor, herd animals can be easily domesticated if they have a hierarchical social structure and are not territorial, and that this is why it is easier to domesticate horses than antelopes. Because horses’ hierarchical social structure makes them willing to follow one another and thus allows a human being to act as their leader. And horses are not territorial; they can be harnessed together without fighting. While antelopes are territorial, male antelopes fight if they are together, and that because antelopes do not have a social hierarchy, humans can’t control them by acting as their leader.