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1. Ó¢ÓïÖеIJ¿·Ö·ñ¶¨ÊÇÖ¸´ú´Ê»òÕ߸±´Ê£¬Èçall, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, oftenµÈÓë·ñ¶¨´Ênot´îÅäʹÓöøÐγɵIJ»ÍêÈ«·ñ¶¨½á¹¹¡£²¿·Ö·ñ¶¨µÄ·­Òë±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬³£³£ÒëΪ“²¢·ÇËùÓУ»²¢²»ÊǶ¼”µÈ¡£È磺all...not£¨²»È«ÊÇ£¬²»¶¼ÊÇ£©£¬both...not£¨²¢·ÇÁ½¸ö¶¼£¬²»ÊÇÁ½Õß¶¼£©£¬every...not£¨²»ÊÇÿ¸ö¶¼£©£¬not always£¨²»×ÜÊÇ£¬²»Ò»¶¨£©£¬not often(²»¾­³£)£¬not altogether£¨²»È«ÊÇ£©£¬not necessarily£¨Î´±Ø£©µÈ¡£

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All that glitters is not gold.

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Both the windows are not open.

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Everybody does not believe the rumor.

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They are not always in the office on Sundays.

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The responsibility is not altogether mine.

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The situation is not necessarily so.

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2. ÐèҪעÒâµÄÊÇ£¬“all...not”ºÍ“every...not”µÈ½á¹¹ÊôÓÚ´«Í³Ó÷¨¡£ÏÖ´úÓ¢ÓïÖУ¬Ò²»á°Ñ·ñ¶¨´Ê·ÅÔÚÕû¸ö¾ä×ÓµÄ×îÇ°Ãæ£¬¶ø¹¹³É“not all...”ºÍ“not every...”ÕâÖÖ±í´ïÐÎʽ¡£ÕâÖֽṹÔÚÓï·¨ºÍÂß¼­ÉÏÒ²½²µÃͨ¡£

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Not all metals are good conductors.

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Not everyone accepts his proposal.

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He is no professor.

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None of my friends smoke.

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Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.

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Nothing in the world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.

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Never have we been daunted by difficulties.

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Ë«ÖØ·ñ¶¨ÊÇָͬһ¸ö¾ä×ÓÖгöÏÖÁ½¸ö·ñ¶¨´Ê£¬¼´·ñ¶¨Ö®·ñ¶¨¡£Ë«ÖØ·ñ¶¨¾ä±íʾµÄÒâ˼Êǿ϶¨µÄ£¬Í¨³£±È¿Ï¶¨¾äµÄÓïÆøÒªÖØ¡£·­Òë³ÉººÓïʱ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓöÔÓ¦µÄË«ÖØ·ñ¶¨Òë³ö£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó·­ÒëΪººÓïµÄ¿Ï¶¨¾ä¡£³£¼ûµÄË«ÖØ·ñ¶¨ÐÎʽÖ÷ÒªÓУºno...not£¨Ã»ÓÐ……²»£©£¬without...not£¨Ã»ÓÐ……¾Í²»£©£¬never/no...without£¨Ã¿·ê……×ÜÊÇ£»Ã»ÓÐ……²»£©£¬never/no...but£¨Ã»ÓÐ……²»£©£¬not/none...the less£¨²¢²»……¾Í²»£©£¬not/never...unless£¨²»……¾Í²»£©£¬not...any the less£¨Ã»ÓÐ……¶øÉÙ×ö£©¡£

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Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.

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ÏÖÔÚËùÓеÄÓîÖæ·É´¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔÔØÈË¡££¨ÓúºÓïµÄ¿Ï¶¨½á¹¹·­Ò룩

You will never succeed unless you work hard.

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There is nothing unusual there.

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The machine is working none the worse for its long service.

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She did not work any the less for her illness.

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That's nothing less than a miracle.

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No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.

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1. more than...can...½á¹¹

more than...can...Õâ¸ö½á¹¹±¾ÉíÊǿ϶¨½á¹¹£¬ÒòΪûÓÐÈκηñ¶¨´Ê³öÏÖ¡£µ«ÊÇÕâ¸ö½á¹¹¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬ËùÒÔÐèÒª·­ÒëΪººÓïµÄ·ñ¶¨¾ä¡£more than...can...ÔÚÒâÒåÉÏÏ൱ÓÚcannot...£¬¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ“¼òÖ±²»£»ÎÞ·¨£»ÄÑÒÔ”£»¶ømore than...can helpÏ൱ÓÚas little as possible£¬¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ“¾¡Á¿²»£»¾ø¶Ô²»”¡£

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The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.

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The boy has become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.

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Don't tell him more than you can help.

Äܲ»¸úËû½²¾Í¾¡Á¿²»Òª¸úËû½²¡£

She never does more work than she can help.

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2. anything but...½á¹¹

anything but...½á¹¹±íʾ·ñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬³£³£·­ÒëΪ“¾ø¶Ô²»£»¸ù±¾²»£»Ò»µãÒ²²»”¡£

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He is anything but a scholar.

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The wood bridge is anything but safe.

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3. have yet to do...½á¹¹

have yet to do...½á¹¹±íʾ·ñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬Ï൱ÓÚhave not yet done...£¬³£³£·­ÒëΪ“»¹Ã»ÓÐ……”¡£

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I have yet to hear the story.

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I have yet to learn the new skill.

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4. may/might as well...½á¹¹

may/might as well...½á¹¹±íʾ·ñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬³£³£·­ÒëΪ“»¹²»Èç……”¡£

¾ÙÀý

It is still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.

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You might as well burn the books than give them to her.

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5. ½èÖú¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄ¶¯´Ê»ò¶¯´Ê¶ÌÓï±íʾ·ñ¶¨

ÓÉÓÚÓ¢Óï¾ä×ÓÖÐÓÐЩ¶¯´Ê»òÕß¶¯´Ê¶ÌÓï¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪººÓïµÄ·ñ¶¨¾ä¡£ÕâÑùµÄ¶¯´Ê»òÕß¶¯´Ê¶ÌÓïÓУºmiss£¨´í¹ý£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐÅöµ½£©£¬deny£¨¾Ü¾ø£¬¼´Ã»ÓдðÓ¦£©£¬lack£¨È±·¦£¬¼´²»×㣩£¬refuse£¨¾Ü¾ø£¬¼´·ñÈÏ£¬Ã»ÓдðÓ¦£©£¬escape£¨Ìӱܣ¬¼´Ã»Óб»·¢ÏÖ£©£¬resist£¨µÖ¿¹£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐ·ÅÆú£©£¬reject£¨¾Ü¾ø£¬¼´Ã»ÓдðÓ¦£©£¬decline£¨¾Ü¾ø£¬¼´Ã»ÓдðÓ¦£©£¬doubt£¨»³ÒÉ£¬¼´²»Ì«È·ÐÅ£©£¬wonder£¨ÏëÖªµÀ£¬¼´²»Ã÷°×£©£¬fail£¨Ê§°Ü£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐÍê³É£©£¬exclude£¨Åųý£¬¼´Ã»ÓнÓÊÜ£¬²»°üÀ¨£©£¬overlook£¨ºöÊÓ£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½£©£¬cease£¨ÖÕÖ¹£¬¼´Ã»Óмá³Ö£©£¬neglect£¨ºöÊÓ£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½£©£¬defy£¨¶Ô¿¹£¬¼´²»·þ´Ó£©£¬forbid£¨½ûÖ¹£¬¼´²»ÔÊÐí£©£¬give up£¨·ÅÆú£¬¼´Ã»Óмá³Ö£©£¬refrain from£¨ÖÆÖ¹£¬¼´²»ÔÊÐí£©£¬lose sight of£¨ºöÂÔ£¬¼´²»¹Ü£©£¬keep up with£¨¸ÏÉÏ£¬¼´²»ÂäºóÓÚ£©£¬save...from£¨ÃâÓÚ……£¬¼´²»……£©£¬shut one's eyes to£¨±ÕÉÏijÈ˵ÄÑÛ¾¦£¬¼´²»¿´£©£¬to say nothing of£¨¸ü²»ÓÃ˵£©£¬not to mention£¨¸ü²»ÓÃ˵£©£¬protect/keep/ prevent...from£¨²»Èã©£¬keep off£¨Èÿª£¬¼´²»½Ó½ü£©£¬keep out£¨²»ÈýøÈ룩£¬turn a deaf ear to£¨²»Ìý£¬²»¹Ë£©£¬fall short of£¨²»×㣩£¬live up to£¨×öµ½£¬¼´²»¹¼¸º£©£¬dissuade...from£¨È°……²»Òª£©£¬keep...dark£¨²»°Ñ……˵³öÈ¥£©µÈ¡£

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The specification lacks detail.

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My husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.

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The error in calculation escaped the accountant.

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Please keep the news dark.

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6. ½èÖú¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄÃû´Ê±íʾ·ñ¶¨

Ó¢ÓïÖÐÓÐЩÃû´Ê»òÃû´Ê¶ÌÓï¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬·­ÒëµÄʱºòÐèÒª½«º¬ÓÐÕâÀàÃû´Ê»òÃû´Ê¶ÌÓïµÄ¾ä×Ó·­ÒëΪººÓïµÄ·ñ¶¨¾ä¡£³£¼ûµÄ¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄÃû´Ê»òÃû´Ê¶ÌÓïÓУºneglect£¨ºöÊÓ£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½£©£¬failure£¨Ê§°Ü£¬¼´Ã»ÓÐÍê³É£©£¬refusal£¨·ñ¶¨£¬·ñÈÏ£©£¬absence£¨È±Ï¯£»È±ÉÙ£»²»¾ß±¸£©£¬shortage£¨²»×㣩£¬reluctance£¨²»ÇéÔ¸£©£¬ignorance£¨Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½£©£¬loss£¨Ã»ÓУ©£¬exclusion£¨Åųý£¬¼´²»°üÀ¨£©£¬lack£¨È±·¦£¬Ã»ÓУ©£¬negation£¨¾Ü¾ø£¬¼´·ñÈÏ£©£¬Greek to£¨¶Ô……Ò»ÎÞËùÖª£©µÈ¡£

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We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions.

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She was at a loss what go do.

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English literature is Greek to her.

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7. ½èÖú¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄÐÎÈÝ´Ê»òÕßÐÎÈݴʶÌÓï±íʾ·ñ¶¨

Ó¢ÓïÖУ¬ÓÐЩÐÎÈݴʼ°Æä¶ÌÓﺬÓÐÏÊÃ÷µÄ·ñ¶¨ÒâÒå¡£ÔÚ·­ÒëµÄʱºò£¬ÕÆÎÕÁËÆäÖеķñ¶¨º¬Ò壬±ã¿ÉÒÔ°ÚÍÑÕâЩÐÎÈݴʵij£¹æº¬Òå´øÀ´µÄ¸ÉÈÅ£¬ÓúºÓïµÄ·ñ¶¨¾äÀ´·­Òë¼´¿É¡£¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄÐÎÈÝ´Ê»òÕßÐÎÈݴʶÌÓïÓУºfar from£¨Ô¶·Ç£¬Ò»µãÒ²²»£©£¬free from£¨²»ÊÜ……Ó°Ï죩£¬safe from£¨ÃâÓÚ£©£¬short of£¨È±ÉÙ£¬²»×㣩£¬ignorant of£¨²»ÖªµÀ£¬Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½£©£¬independent of£¨²»ÊÜ……µÄÖ§Å䣩£¬impatient of£¨¶Ô……²»ÄÍ·³£©£¬deficient£¨È±·¦£©£¬devoid of£¨²»¾ßÓУ¬È±·¦£©£¬alien to£¨Óë……Ïà·´£©£¬foreign to£¨²»ÊʺÏ£¬Óë……Î޹أ©£¬blind to£¨¿´²»¼û£©£¬few and far between£¨ºÜÉÙ£¬¼´²»¶à£©£¬absent from£¨²»ÔÚ£¬È±Ï¯£©£¬different from£¨Óë……²»Í¬£©£¬reluctant to£¨²»Ô¸Ò⣩£¬less than£¨ÉÙÓÚ£¬²»¶àÓÚ£©£¬dead to£¨¶Ô……ûÓз´Ó¦£©£¬the last£¨×îºóµÄ£¬¼´×î²»Ô¸ÒâµÄ£¬×î²»ÅäµÄ£¬¾ö²»£©µÈ¡£

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The newspaper accounts are far from being true.

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Present supplies of food are short of requirements.

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Holidays are few and far between.

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He is the last man she wants to meet.

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8. ½èÖú¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄ½é´Ê»ò½é´Ê¶ÌÓï±íʾ·ñ¶¨

Ó¢ÓïÖУ¬ÓÐЩ½é´Ê»ò½é´Ê¶ÌÓï¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒ壬·­Òëʱ¿ÉÒÔ´¦ÀíΪººÓïµÄ·ñ¶¨¾ä¡£³£¼ûµÄ¾ßÓзñ¶¨ÒâÒåµÄ½é´Ê»ò½é´Ê¶ÌÓïÓУºpast£¨³¬¹ý£©£¬above£¨²»µÍÓÚ£©£¬without£¨Ã»ÓУ©£¬beyond£¨³¬³ö£©£¬instead of£¨¶ø²»ÊÇ£©£¬in vain£¨ÎÞЧ£¬Ã»ÓУ©£¬in the dark£¨Ò»µãÒ²²»ÖªµÀ£©£¬at a loss£¨²»ÖªËù´ë£©£¬but for£¨Òª²»ÊÇ£©£¬in spite of£¨²»¹Ü£©£¬at fault£¨³ö´í£©£¬against£¨²»Í¬Ò⣩£¬before£¨»¹Ã»ÓÐ……¾Í£©£¬below£¨²»µ½……£©£¬beside£¨Óë……Î޹أ©£¬but£¨³ý……Ö®Í⣩£¬except£¨³ý……Ö®Í⣩£¬from£¨×èÖ¹£¬Ê¹……²»×öijÊ£©£¬off£¨À뿪£¬Öжϣ©£¬under£¨ÔÚ……֮ϣ¬²»×㣩£¬within£¨²»³¬³ö£©£¬beneath£¨ÔÚ……֮ϣ¬²»×㣩£¬beneath one's notice£¨²»ÖµµÃÀí²Ç£©£¬out of£¨²»ÔÚ……ÀïÃæ£¬²»ÔÚ……״̬£©£¬out of the question£¨²»¿ÉÄÜ£©£¬in the dark about£¨¶Ô……²»ÖªµÀ£©µÈ¡£

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That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson.

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Mr. Smith was above reproach.

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Her beauty is beyond compare.

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You can't be too careful in doing experiments.

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There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.

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It is no more than a beginning.

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They gave me the wrong book, and I didn't notice it until I got back to my room.

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No energy can be created, and none destroyed.

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No sound was heard.

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Neither plan is practicable.

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He doesn't study in the classroom.

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I was not playing all the time.

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The woman did not come here to ask us for help.

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Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.

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She did not come because she wanted to see me.

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You should not despise him because he is young.

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ÕâÀà·ñ¶¨µÄ×ªÒÆ³£³£³öÏÖÔÚ¶¯´Êthink, believe, except, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy, anticipate, figureµÈºóÃæµÄ±öÓï´Ó¾äÖС£·­Òëʱ£¬ÐèÒª°Ñ·ñ¶¨×ªÒƵ½±öÓï´Ó¾äµÄνÓﶯ´ÊÇ°Ãæ¡£

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I don't think that they must have arrived there by now.

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I don't suppose they will object to my suggestion.

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I didn't imagine that he would go abroad.

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It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.

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It is not my thought that he can finish the work within a week.

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It is not my wish that you should break your word.

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Àý1. (2006Äê48Ìâ) I have excluded him because, // while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, // he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. £¨¾ä×ÓÏêϸ½âÎö£¬Çë²Î¿¼±¾ÊéµÚ144Ò³£©

Àý2. (2008Äê48Ìâ) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge // made by some of his critics that, // while he was a good observer, // he had no power of reasoning. £¨¾ä×ÓÏêϸ½âÎö£¬Çë²Î¿¼±¾ÊéµÚ159Ò³£©





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1990Äêµ½1996ÄêöλÔÓéÀÖ¹Ù·½appÏÂÔØÓ¢Óһ£©ÕæÌⲿ·Ö£¬Çë²Î¿¼±¾Êé·âÃæÉϵÄÏÂÔØµØÖ·¡£»¹¿ÉÒԵǼ¸ÃÍøÖ·ÏÂÔØ1990ÄêÖÁ½ñËùÓÐÓ¢Óһ£©·­ÒëÎÄÕµÄÀʶÁÒôƵ¡£





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Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.£¨71£©Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.£¨72£©Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"?

The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.£¨73£©It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

Many deny it.£¨74£©Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others’ interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.£¨75£©When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.


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