¡¡We maintain that in general a focus on positive information benefits welbbeing£®However£¬there are probably conditions when a chronic tendency to focus on positive material is maladaptive£®One such context£¬we presumed£¬is decisionmaking£¬especially when options include both positive and negative features£®¢ÙWhen making decisions£¬negative features of options often have higher diagnostic value£®If a person who is deciding whether to renew a health care plan remembers that she likes her physician but forgets that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs£¬a suboptimal decision could be made£®¢Ú Corinna and I designed another study with two primary aims£ºto see whether in a decision context older people would review positive features of options more than negative features£»and if this was the case£¬to see if we could eliminate the effect by modifying goals with instructions£®¢ÛUsing computer-based decision scenarios£¬60 0lder and 60 younger adults were presented with positive£¬negative£¬and neutral information about ostensible health care options£®Some scenarios presented characteristics of physicians£® Others presented features of health care plans£®The information was hidden behind colored squares£¬and participants had to click on the square to see the information£®They were told that positive information was behind white squares and negative information was behind black squares£®We then observed how often participants examined the positive information versus the negative information£®Later we tested their memory for the information£®As we predicted£¬older adults reviewed and recalled a greater proportion of positive information than did younger adults£®Most important£¬participants in one group were repeatedly reminded t0¡°focus on the facts¡±and in this group the preference for positive information disappeared£®
¡¡¡¡Human need is the basis for virtually all of science£®If we rise to the challenge of an aging population by systematically applying science and technology to questions that improve quality of life in adulthood and old age£¬longer¡ªlived populations will inspire breakthroughs in the social£¬physical£¬and biological sciences that will improve the quality of life at all ages£®¢ÜLongevity science will reveal ways to improve learning from birth to advanced ages and to deter age¡ªrelated slowing in cognitive processin9£®Longevity science will draw enormously on insights about individuals¡¯genomic predispositions and the environmental conditions that trigger the onset of disease£®¢ÝLongevity science will help us understand how stress slowly but surely affects health£®Most of the challenges of longer-lived populations will require interdisciplinary collaborations£®Psychological science must be a part of this process£® [414 words]
¡¡¡¡1£®The author holds that when making decisions, ______
¡¡¡¡A£®positive information should be focused
¡¡¡¡B£®all options should be carefully diagnosed
¡¡¡¡C£®negative information should be considered
¡¡¡¡D£®maladaptive information should be avoided
¡¡¡¡2£®It can be inferred from the text that______
¡¡¡¡A£®a suboptimal decision originates from negative information
¡¡¡¡B£®an optimal decision primarily results from positive information
¡¡¡¡C£®negative information is less beneficial than positive information
¡¡¡¡D£®both positive and negative information is needed for decision making
¡¡¡¡3£®The study made by the author and Corrinna shows that______
¡¡¡¡A£®older people focus more on positive information
¡¡¡¡B£®there are more positive features than negative ones
¡¡¡¡C£®younger people focus more on negative information
¡¡¡¡D£®it is easier for positive information to be remembered
¡¡¡¡4£®The author argues that longevity science______
¡¡¡¡A£®improves the quality of life for both old and young
¡¡¡¡B£®contributes to the improvement of biological functions
¡¡¡¡C£®meets the challenge of longer life in developed nations
¡¡¡¡D£®inspires breakthroughs in various disciplines of sciences
¡¡¡¡5£®According to the text£¬it is advisable to be aware of______
¡¡¡¡A£®the negative features of options
¡¡¡¡B£®the dark side of the positive effect
¡¡¡¡C£®the challenge of an aging population
¡¡¡¡D£®the typical process of decision making
¡¡ÄѾä͸Îö
¡¡¡¡¢ÙOne such context£¬we presumed£¬is decisionmakin9£¬especially when options include both positive and negative features]£®
¡¡¡¡¡¾½á¹¹¡¿Á½¸ö¶ººÅÖ®¼äµÄ¡°we presumed¡±ÊDzåÈëÓï¡£·½À¨ºÅËù±êʾµÄ¡°when options include¡features¡±ÓÃ×öʱ¼ä×´Óï´Ó¾ä¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¾ÊÍÒå¡¿ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪ£¬×ö¾ö¶¨¾ÍÊôÓÚÕâÖÖ¹ý³Ì£¬ÌرðÊǵ±Ñ¡Ïî¼ÈÉæ¼°»ý¼«ÒòËØÓÖÉæ¼°Ïû¼«ÒòËØʱ£¬¸üÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¢ÚUf a person(who is deciding(whether tO renew a health care plan))remembers(that she likes her physician but forgets(that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs>)]£¬a suboptimal decision could be made£®
