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Unit 47


Usually alternating current (AC) transmission suffers lower losses than direct current (DC), and thus, AC became the industry standard. Some people, however, question that standard because over long distances high-voltage DC lines suffer lower losses than AC. Not only does that make them better in their own right, but employing them would allow electricity grids to be restructured in ways that would make wind power more attractive. That would reduce the need for new conventional (and polluting) power stations.

Wind power has some problems. You don't always get it where you want it and you don't always get it when you want it. The question of where the wind is blowing would no longer matter because it is almost always blowing somewhere. If it were windy in Spain but not in Ireland, current would flow in one direction. Dealing with when the wind blows is a subtler issue. For instance, an important part of Dr Schmid's continental grid is the branch to Norway. It is not that Norway is a huge consumer. Rather, the country is well supplied with hydroelectric plants. These are one of the few ways that energy from transient sources like the wind can be stored in grid-filling quantities. The power is used to pump water up into the reservoirs that feed the hydroelectric turbines. That way it is on tap when needed. The capacity of Norway's reservoirs is so large, according to Dr Schmid, that should the wind drop all over Europe——which does happen on rare occasions——the hydro plants could spring into action and fill in the gap for up to four weeks.

Put like this, a Europe-wide grid seems an obvious idea. That it has not yet been built is because AC power lines would lose too much power over such large distances. Hence the renewed interest in DC. Dr Schmid calculates that a DC grid of the sort he envisages would allow wind to supply at least 30% of the power needed in Europe. Moreover, it could do so reliably——and that means wind power could be used for what is known in the jargon as base-load power supply.

Though wind power has its opponents, too, its environmental virtues might be enough to swing things in its favour if it were also reliable. Indeed, a group of Norwegian companies have already started building high-voltage DC lines between Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Germany, though these are intended as much to sell the country's power as to accumulate other people's. And Airtricity——an Irish wind-power company——plans even more of them. It proposes what it calls a Supergrid. This would link offshore wind farms in the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish, North and Baltic seas with customers throughout northern Europe.

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1. By saying “make them better in their own right”£¨Lines 3~4, Paragraph 1), the author means to_______.

A) realize the right of DC

B) make DC suffer lower losses

C) make DC more useful than AC

D) make better use of DC to transfer power

2. By saying “Dealing with when the wind blows is a subtler issue”£¨Line 4, Paragraph 2), the author actually implies that_______.

A) it is more difficult to predict the time when the wind blows

B) it is more intricate to deal with the wind since it is always transient

C) it is more complex to control the wind in the temporal sense

D) it is more complicated to utilize the wind power

3. How will consumers think of a DC electricity grid?

A) Not feasible yet.

B) Quite economical.

C) Somewhat troublesome.

D) Too bold.

4. Why is Dr Schmid's continental grid located in Norway?

A) To make use of the country's capacity of reservoirs so as to store temporary power.

B) To make use of the country's rich wind power so as to meet consumers' demand.

C) To make better use of the country's rich hydroelectric power to supply other European countries.

D) It is simply Dr Schmid's personal preference of that country.

5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A) Wind power has won universal support.

B) Companies hesitate to invest in wind power.

C) The prospect of wind power so far seems very positive.

D) Wind farms on oceans can supply power demand of the whole Europe in the future.





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alternating current ½»Á÷µç

direct current Ö±Á÷µç

voltage /ˈvəʊltɪdʒ/ n. µçѹ£¬·üÌØÊý

electricity grid µçÍø

subtle /ˈsʌtl/ adj. ΢ÃîµÄ£»¾«Ï¸µÄ

turbine /ˈtɜːbɪn/ n. ÎÐÂÖ

envisage /ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/ v. ÕýÊÓ£¬ÉèÏë

jargon /ˈdʒ¨»ːgən/ n. Ðл°

Scandinavia /ˌskændɪˈneɪvjə/ n. ˹¿°µÄÄÉάÑÇ£¨°ëµº£©

offshore /ˈɒfʃɔː/ adj. Ïòº£Ãæ´µµÄ£¬Àë°¶µÄ





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Unit 48


In 1966 Allen and Beatrice Gardner, two psychologists at the University of Nevada in Reno, had a bright idea. They were interested in the evolution of language and the linguistic capabilities of great apes. Previous attempts to teach chimpanzees to talk had ended in failure and the matter was considered by most people to be closed. But the Gardners realised that speech and language are not the same thing. Many deaf people, for example, are unable to speak but are perfectly able to communicate by gestures that have all the attributes and sophistication of spoken language. Given the very different anatomies of the human and chimpanzee larynx, the Gardners suspected that previous experiments had failed because chimps are physically incapable of speech.

They therefore decided to try teaching a chimpanzee to sign in the way that deaf people do. And their chosen subject, a female chimp named Washoe after the county in which the university campus is located, proved an adept pupil. Though there is still debate about whether what Washoe learned was really equivalent to human language, there is no doubt that she learned a lot of words. She now has a vocabulary of about 200. All of this, however, raises a second question. If Washoe and her successors can learn a complex and arbitrary vocabulary of gestures from people, do they have such vocabularies naturally? To examine that possibility Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal, of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, have looked at gestures and expressions in chimpanzees and their cousins, bonobos.

Signalling by facial and vocal expression is ubiquitous among primates. Signalling by gesture is confined to the great apes. The researchers' hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt and, at least to some extent, is arbitrary. If that were true, particular sorts of facial and vocal expression would occur only in particular contexts, and that this would be consistent across groups and even species. The same gestures, by contrast, would be used in different contexts.

The researchers found exactly what they expected. Expressions (“silent bared teeth”, “relaxed open mouth”, “pant hoot”and so on) almost always occurred in the same contexts in different groups and different species. Gestures (“hard touch”, “reach outside”, “slap ground”etc) did not. Half of the gestures Dr Pollick and Dr de Waal regularly observed seemed to have completely different meanings in the two species. Moreover, even within a single group, the meaning of a gesture could vary with context, almost as tone of voice can vary the meaning of a human's spoken word.

It is also worth remembering that gesture is still a crucial part of human language, even for those with normal hearing. The old joke that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his hands together has a kernel of truth in it. Evolution does not come up with complicated structures in a single leap. They are built up step by step. This study suggests that the step of speech may have been built on mental attributes that were acquired millions of years ago when the ancestors of apes and men began to wave meaningfully at each other.

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1. From the first paragraph, we learn that_______.

A) chimpanzees do not have the capability of mastering a language

B) the Gardners found a new idea to develop the chimpanzee experiment

C) previous experiments failed because they merely focused on chimpanzees' vocal ability

D) chimpanzees can use gestures as well as blind people

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

A) Washoe was able to develop an entire system of signs and gestures of her own.

B) The vocabulary Washoe learnt is not similar to human language.

C) The Washoe experiment has enlightened further research.

D) The Gardners found that Washoe naturally has her vocabulary of gestures.

3. According to the author, gestures are different from facial and vocal expressions in that_______.

A) gestures are more complicated

B) gestures are limited to a certain type of species

C) facial and vocal expressions are more complicated

D) there is no difference between them

4. Which of the following best defines the word “hard-wired”£¨Line 3, Paragraph 3£©?

A) Fixed.

B) Changed.

C) Taught.

D) Made.

5. The Pollick and de Waal research probably indicates that_______.

A) the apes are the closest species to human being

B) people with normal hearing do not really need to resort to gestures

C) the great apes naturally have the ability to use gestures

D) human language may have developed from signs and gestures





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psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/ n. ÐÄÀíѧ¼Ò

chimpanzee /ˌtʃɪmpənˈziː/ n. ºÚÐÉÐÉ

attribute /ˈætrɪbjʊt/ n. ÊôÐÔ£¬Æ·ÖÊ£¬ÌØÕ÷

sophistication /səˌfɪstɪˈkeɪʃən/ n. ¸´ÔÓ£¬¾«ÖÂ

anatomy /əˈnætəmi/ n. ·Ö½â£¬½âÆÊ

larynx /ˈlærɪŋks/ n. ¡¾½â¡¿ºí

adept /əˈdept/ adj. ÊìÁ·µÄ£¬ÄÃÊÖµÄ

successor /səkˈsesə/ n. ¼Ì³ÐÕߣ¬½ÓÈÎÕß

bonobo /ˈbəunəˌbəu/ n. ÙÁºÚÐÉÐÉ

ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ adj. µ½´¦´æÔڵģ¬ÆÕ±é´æÔÚµÄ

primate /ˈpraɪmɪt/ n. Á鳤ÀàµÄ¶¯Îï

hard-wired /ˈhaːdˌwaɪəd/ adj. ÌìÉúµÄ

pant /pænt/ n. Æø´­

hoot /huːt/ vi. ´óÉù½ÐÏù£¬ÃùÏì

render /ˈrendə/ vt. ÖÂʹ





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