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Unit 49


Windsurfers in Hawaii might not seem to have much in common with the geeks who these days tinker with Linux software as part of the open-source movement. But in the late ’70s, the surfers freely swapped ideas on how to redesign their equipment right on the beach, and sporting-goods makers were quick to pick up on innovations like foot straps for leaping giant waves.

Linux's success is making freely revealed innovation a hot idea again. After decades in which patents closed off innovation, open source has caught the attention of businesses because “it so violated accepted wisdom and so clearly worked,”says Yochai Benkler, a Yale scholar. Giants like IBM and HP, and newcomers like Red Hat, have made lots of money on Linux-based services and equipment.

Pharmaceuticals represent one new and surprising area where freely shared innovation is catching on. Most industry profits have been made from expensive patented drugs. But now the BioBricks project at MIT is trying to establish standardized tools and processes for research. That way, researchers from everywhere can contribute. Open innovation also makes sense in industries where patents aren't relevant——for example, finding new uses for existing drugs.¢Ù Eric Von Hippel, MIT's head of innovation and entrepreneurship, is studying FDA applications since 1998 for these so-called off-label uses of patented drugs to see whether, as he suspects, they come mostly from independent researchers rather than the big drugmakers holding the original patents. If they do, it means open-source innovation is already well underway.

An open system would also work when the payback is too small to entice Big Pharma, as in the case of tropical diseases. Law professor Stephen Maurer of the University of California, Berkeley, has coauthored a proposal called the Tropical Disease Initiative that could give graduate students, for instance, a chance to work on finding drugs to help fight the likes of malaria. Because discoveries wouldn't be patented, contracts could be awarded to the lowest bidder. Manufacturing prices could be kept down, too, because generic-drug makers could compete as soon as a drug was ready.

Plant genetics is another field showing the promise of open innovation.¢Ú The basic tools for manipulating plant genes, and thereby modifying food, are protected by a thicket of patents largely controlled by multinationals, which means farmers in developing countries don't have access to the techniques. The BIOS Initiative, recently launched by Cambia, an Australian nonprofit, aims to make publicly available an alternative technology.£¨People would be free to patent any resulting discoveries.) One early aim has been to help farmers find a way to breed their own corn, so they don't need to buy expensive hybrid seeds each year. It's not yet clear just how far this kind of research can be democratized. But in many areas, the open-source option is becoming a serious one.

×¢£¨1£©£º±¾ÎÄÑ¡×ÔNewsweek£»

×¢£¨2£©£º±¾ÎÄÏ°ÌâÃüÌâÄ£·Â¶ÔÏóΪ2003ÄêÕæÌâText 3¡£

1. The author compares windsurfers in Hawaii with the geeks who these days tinker with Linux software because______.

A) they loved adventures

B) producers relied on their work

C) they shared their new ideas with other people freely

D) they redesigned their equipments

2. What is businesses' attitude toward Linux's open source?

A) Indifferent.

B) Apprehensive.

C) Indignant.

D) Happy.

3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that______.

A) patented drugs are expensive because they close off innovation

B) independent researchers are more innovative

C) BioBricks allows researchers from the world to share their ideas with each other

D) new uses for existing drugs violate patents

4. The word “entice”£¨Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means______.

A) satisfy

B) attract

C) repel

D) persuade

5. According to the text, open innovation is promising in the field of plant genetics because______.

A) farmers can lower their cost if they know how to breed seeds through open innovation

B) genetically modified food has a bright perspective

C) it can break the monopoly of big companies

D) it is an important part of democracy





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windsurfer /ˈwɪndsɜːfə/ n. ·ç·«³åÀËÕߣ»³åÀË°®ºÃÕß

geek /giːk/ n. ¹ÖÈË£»¹Ö²Å

tinker /ˈtɪŋkə/ v.£¨Óëat, withÁ¬Óã©ÐÞ²¹

swap /swɒp/ v. ½»»»

strap /stræp/ n. ´ø, Ƥ´ø

patent /ˈpeɪtənt,ˈpætənt/ n. רÀûȨ£¬Ö´ÕÕ£¬×¨ÀûÆ· v. È¡µÃ…µÄרÀûȨ£¬Çë׼רÀû

pharmaceutical /ˌf¨»ːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ n. Ò©Îï

entrepreneurship /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/ n. ´´Òµ¾«Éñ£»ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£»ÆóÒµ¼Ò£¨Ö÷°ìÈ˵ȣ©µÄÉí·Ý£¨µØλ¡¢Ö°È¨¡¢ÄÜÁ¦£©

FDA ÃÀ¹úʳƷҩƷ¹ÜÀí¾Ö£¨Food and Drug Administration£©

off-label use ·ÇÊÊÓ¦Ö¢ÐÔÓÃÒ©

underway /ˈʌndəˈweɪ/ adj. Æ𲽵ģ¬½øÐÐÖеÄ

entice /ɪnˈtaɪs/ v. ÓÕ»ó£»ÎüÒý

coauthor /kəʊˈɔːθə/ v. ºÏÖø

initiative /ɪˈnɪʃɪətɪv/ n. Ìá°¸

malaria /məˈleərɪə/ n. ű¼²

bidder /ˈbɪdə/ n. ³ö¼ÛÈË£¬Í¶±êÈË

thicket /ˈθɪkɪt/ n. ´Ô×´ÎÃܼ¯µÄ¶«Î÷

multinational /mʌltɪˈnæʃən(ə)l/ n. ¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾

alternative /ɔːltɜːnətɪv/ n. ¶þÕßÔñÒ»£¬¿É¹©Ñ¡ÔñµÄ°ì·¨

breed /briːd/ v. ÓýÖÖ

hybrid /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ n./a. ÔÓ½»£¨µÄ£©





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Ö÷Ìå¾äʽ£ºEric Won Hippel is studying FDA application.

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Unit 50


¢Ù The once radical notion that birds descended from dinosaurs——or may even be dinosaurs, the only living branch of the family that ruled the earth eons ago——has got stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. Remarkable similarities in bone structure between dinos and birds were the first clue. Then came evidence, thanks to a series of astonishing discoveries in China's Liaoning province over the past five years, that some dinosaurs may have borne feathers. But a few scientists still argued that the link was weak; the bone similarities could be a coincidence, they said. And maybe those primitive structures visible in some fossils were feathers——but maybe not. You had to use your imagination to see them.

Not anymore. A spectacularly preserved fossil of a juvenile dinosaur, announced by a team of paleontologists from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and New York City's American Museum of Natural History in the latest issue of Nature, is about as good a missing link as anyone could want. “It has things that are undeniably feathers,”exults Richard Prum, of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, an expert on the evolution of feathers. “But it is clearly a small, vicious theropod similar to the velociraptors that chased the kids around the kitchen in Jurassic Park.”

The find helps cement the dinosaur-bird connection, but it also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place. For the better part of a century, biologists have assumed that these specialized structures evolved for flight, but that's clearly not true. “The feathers on these dinosaurs aren't flight-worthy, and the animals couldn't fly,”says paleontologist Kevin Padian, of the University of California, Berkeley. “They're too big, and they don't have wings.”So what was the original purpose of feathers? Nobody knows for sure; they might have been useful for keeping dinos dry, distracting predators or attracting mates, as peacocks do today.

¢Ú But many biologists suspect that feathers originally arose to keep dinosaurs warm. The bone structure of dinosaurs shows that, unlike modern reptiles, they grew as fast as birds and mammals——which dovetails with a growing body of evidence that dinos were, in fact, warm-blooded. Says Padian: “They must have had a high basal metabolic rate to grow that fast. And I wouldn't be surprised if they had some sort of skin covering for insulation when they were small.”Says Norell: “Even baby tyrannosaurs probably looked like this one.”

At the rate feathered dinosaurs are turning up, it shouldn't take long to solidify scientists' understanding of precisely how and why feathers first arose and when the first birdlike creature realized they were useful for flight. Meanwhile, kids had better get used to the idea that T. rex may have started life looking an awful lot like Tweety Bird.

×¢£¨1£©£º±¾ÎÄÑ¡×ÔThe New York Times£»

×¢£¨2£©£º±¾ÎÄÏ°ÌâÃüÌâÄ£·Â¶ÔÏ󣺵Ú1¡¢2¡¢3¡¢5¡¢4Ìâ·Ö±ðÄ£·Â1999ÄêÕæÌâText 2 µÄ1¡¢2¡¢3¡¢5ÌâºÍText 4 µÄµÚ3Ìâ¡£

1. We learn from the beginning of the passage that______.

A) scientists are split as to whether birds descended from dinosaurs

B) the bone similarities between birds and dinosaurs are a coincidence

C) fossils have proven that birds evolved from dinosaurs

D) the idea that birds are connected with dinosaurs has always been taken seriously

2. Speaking of the recently-announced fossil of a juvenile dinosaur, the author implies that______.

A) it shows vividly how dinosaur flies

B) it brings new mystery to paleontologists

C) it further proves the link between birds and dinosaurs

D) it solves the puzzle of birds' evolution

3. In the view of Kevin Padian, the feathers on those dinosaurs______.

A) were of no practical value

B) were useful for flight

C) could protect dinosaurs from their natural enemy

D) were good for insulation

4. The original purpose of feather was______.

A) to help dinosaurs fly

B) to keep dinosaurs warm

C) to distract predators

D) a mystery

5. We learn from the last paragraph that______.

A) a baby dinosaur looks like a bird

B) T-rex is a kind of dinosaur figure familiar to kids

C) living feathered dinosaurs can still be found in certain parts of the world

D) scientists understand precisely how and why feathers first arose





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dinosaur /ˈdaɪnəsɔː/ n. ¿ÖÁú

paleontologist /ˌpælɪɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ n. ¹ÅÉúÎïѧ¼Ò

dino dinosaurµÄ¼òд

fossil /ˈfɒsl/ n. »¯Ê¯

juvenile /ˈdʒuːvɪnaɪl/ adj. ÉÙÄêµÄ£¬Ã»ÓÐÍêÈ«³¤³ÉµÄ»òûÓз¢ÓýÍêÈ«µÄ£»ÄêÇáµÄ

vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ adj.£¨¶¯ÎÐ×Ã͵Ä

theropod /ˈθɪərəpɒd/ n. ¡¾¹ÅÉú¡¿ÊÞ½ÅÑÇĿʳÈâ¿ÖÁú£¨Ç°Ö«Ð¡£¬Ö÷ÒªÓúóÖ«ÐÐ×ߣ©

velociraptor /ˌveləˈsɪrəptə/ n. ¡¾¹ÅÉú¡¿Ñ¸ÃÍÁú

Jurassic Park ºÃÀ³Îëµ¼ÑÝ˹Ƥ¶û²®¸ñÖ´µ¼µÄ¡¶ÙªÂ޼͹«Ô°¡·

jurassic /dʒʊəˈræsɪk/ n. ¡¾µØ¡¿ÙªÂ޼͵Ä£¬ÙªÂÞϵµÄ£¨ÊôÓÚ»ò½ç¶¨ÎªÖÐÉú´úʱ´úµÚ¶þÆÚµÄʱ¼äºÍ¿ó´²µÄ£¬¸ÃʱÆÚÒÔ¿ÖÁúµÄ´æÔÚºÍ×îÔçµÄ²¸È鶯ÎïºÍÄñÀàµÄ³öÏÖΪÌØÕ÷£©