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Chapter one  Introduction
   
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1.Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.ÆÕͨÓïÑÔѧGeneral Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.ÓïÑÔlanguage
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
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4.ʶ±ðÌØÕ÷Design Features  
It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
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5.ÓïÑÔÄÜÁ¦Competence £¨³éÏó£©
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.ÓïÑÔÔËÓÃperformance  £¨¾ßÌ壩
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
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7.ÀúʱÓïÑÔѧDiachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.¹²Ê±ÓïÑÔѧSynchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.ÓïÑÔlangue £¨³éÏó£©
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.ÑÔÓïparole £¨¾ßÌ壩
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.¹æ¶¨ÐÔPrescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.ÃèÊöÐÔDescriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.

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1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
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¢ÅÈðÊ¿ÓïÑÔѧ¼ÒF.de Saussure :LangueºÍparoleµÄÇø±ð
¢ÆÃÀ¹úÓïÑÔѧ¼ÒN.Chomsky :in1950Õë¶ÔSaussure’s langue&paroleÌá³öCompetenceºÍperformance
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Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
¢ÈÃÀ¹úÓïÑÔѧ¼ÒCharles Hockett :Ìá³öÁËÓïÑÔµÄʶ±ðÌØÕ÷design features
3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
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4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once.   ÅжÏÌâ
6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.×îÏÈÒýÆðÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò×¢ÒâµÄÊÇÓïÑԵķ¢Òô¡£
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1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
2.why do we say language is arbitrary?
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.