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  Àý×Ó: Accuse¡­.of     charge¡­. with      rebuke¡­.for         sour milk
       Rotten tomatoes  addled eggs       rancid bacon or butter
7. a polysemic word, i.e, a word with several meaning, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.
8.According naming theory words are just names or labels for things.
9.Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance ,the speaker and the hearer, the action they are performing at the time, the various objects and event existed in the situation.
10.the contextulist view was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew on behaviourist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
11                 Homophones¡ªwhen two words are identical in sound
                             Rain/reign; night/knight; piece/peace; leak/leek
Homonymy Homographs¡ªwhen two words are identical in spelling             
   ·ÖÀà                      Bow v. /bow n. tear v./ tear n  lead v./lead n.
                   Complete homonyms¡ªwhen two words are identical in both spelling 
                            and sound.Àý×ÓFast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v.
12.            (1)Gradable antonyms·Ö¼¶·´Òå´Ê(a matter of degree)
                     Àý×Ó Old¡ªmiddle-aged¡ªyoung;   hot-warm-cold
Antonym (2) Complementary antonyms»¥²¹·´Òå´Êa matter of degree between
·ÖÀà         two extremesÀý×Ó    Alive¡ªdead;     male¡ªfemale; 
               (3) Relational opposites¹Øϵ·´Òå´Ê(Öмä¿ÉÒԼӳɷÖ£¬ÈçÉÏ¡¢ÖС¢ÏÂ)
                 father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below
13.¾ä×Ó¼äµÄÒâÒå¹Øϵsense relation between sentences
X is synonymous with Y.
X entails Y.
X presupposes Y.
X is a contradiction.
X is semantically anomalous.
14. Analysis of meaningÒâÒåµÄ·ÖÎö
(1)Componential analysis¡ªa way to analyze lexical meaning¶Ô´Ê»ã³É·ÖµÄ·ÖÎö
(2) Predication analysis¡ªa way to analyze sentence meaning¶Ô¾ä×ÓÒâÒåµÄ·ÖÎö
  (1)is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.
   The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called Semantic features.
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   This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features.
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   Plus and minimums signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent, these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
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15.the meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
   Two aspects of Sentence meaning: grammatical and semantic meaning.
16.Selectional restrictions---
   Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules.
17.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication------
   Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. it applies to all forms of a sentence, including statements, imperative and interrogative.
   Predication consists of Arguments and Predicates.
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   An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal elements in a sentence, a predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.
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18.According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we classify the predications into two-place predication(has two arguments),one-place predication (has one argument),and no-place predication(has no argument).
19.ÅжÏÌ⣺although predicate and argument are the same kind of unit in terms of their componential make-up, they have different roles in the whole predication. the predicate can be regarded as the main element, for it includes tense, modality, ect. it may also said to govern the arguments for it determines the number of nature of the arguments.
20.The analysis of meaning is a highly abstract and complicated matter.
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1.how are sense and reference related?
  Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it¡¯s abstract and de-contextualized.
  Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality.
2.in what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?³É·Ö·ÖÎöºÍ°ÑÒôλ·ÖÎöΪÇø±ðÐÔÌØÕ÷ÓкÎÏàËÆÖ®´¦£¿
 In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.
3.what¡¯s grammaticality? what might take a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?
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Grammaticality---the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence.
A sentence may be well-formed grammatically, i.e. it conforms to the grammatical rules of the language, but it is not necessarily semantically well-formed, i.e. it may not make sense at all
Chapter 6     pragmatics
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1.Óï¾³Context
  The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it¡¯s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
2.ÑÔÓïÐÐΪÀíÂÛSpeech act theory
It¡¯s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it¡¯s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. it aims to answer the question ¡±what do we do when using language?¡±