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The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by J.R.Searle constitute the speech act theory.
3.ÐðÊö¾äConstatives
 Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.;
4.ÐÐΪ¾äPerformatives
Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.
5.ÑÔÄÚÐÐΪLocutionary Act
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it¡¯s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
6.ÑÔÍâÐÐΪIllcotionary Act
An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker¡¯s intention it¡¯s the act performed  in saying something.
7.ÑÔºóÐÐΪ Perlocutionary  Act
Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it¡¯s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.
8.¾ä×ÓÒâÒåSentence meaning
It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.
9.»°ÓïÒâÒåUtterance meaning
It refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.
10.ºÏ×÷Ô­ÔòCooperative Principle
It¡¯s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.
11.»á»°º¬ÒåConversational implicatures
According to P.Grice, it refers to the extra meaning not contained in th utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker¡¯s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the CP.
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1.ÓïÓÃѧµÄ¼¸¸öÖØÒªµÄÀíÂÛ
¢ÅÑÔÓïÐÐΪÀíÂÛSpeech act theory   
ÓÉÓ¢¹úÕÜѧ¼ÒJohn AustinÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í50Äê´úÄ©Ìá³ö
ÔÚ´ËÀíÂÛ»ù´¡ÉÏJohnÇø·ÖÁ˶¨ÒåÁËÐðÊö¾äConstativesºÍÐÐΪ¾äperformatives
ÔÚÇø·ÖÐðÊö¾äºÍÐÐΪ¾äÖ®ºó£¬ËûÓÖ¶¨ÒåÁËÑÔÄÚÐÐΪ¡¢ÑÔÍâÐÐΪºÍÑÔºóÐÐΪ
Àý×Ó£ºyou have left the door wide open.
Locutionary act:: expressed what each word of this sentence literally mean.
Illutionary act: expressed his intention of speaking, asking someone to close the door.
Perlocutionary act: someone heard the sentence, and close the door, then this act is successfully performed.
¡ùÔÚÕâÈýÖÖÐÐΪÖУ¬ÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò¶ÔÑÔÍâÐÐΪ×î¸ÐÐËȤ
cos this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker¡¯s intention, and in their study of language communication, linguists are most interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and also how his intention is recognized by the hearer.
¢Æ»á»°Ô­ÔòCP Âß¼­ÕÜѧ¼ÒPaul GriceÌá³ö;
 
 
 
2. ºÏ×÷Ô­ÔòµÄ×¼Ôò4Maxim of Cooperative Principle
 ÊýÁ¿ the maxim of Quantity-----Äã˵µÄ»°Ó¦°üº¬ËùÐèÄÚÈÝÇÒ²»¿É³¬¹ýÄÚÈÝÒªÇó
              Make your contribution as informative as required;
              Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
ÖÊÁ¿the maxim of Quality -----²»ÒªËµÄãÈÏΪÊǼٵĻ°»òÄãȱ·¦×ã¹»Ö¤¾ÝµÄ»°
        Do not say what you believe to false.
        Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence
¹Øϵ the maxim of relation-----ʹÄãµÄ»°Óë»°ÌâÏà¹Øbe relevant
·½Ê½ the maxim of manner-----±ÜÃâÄ£ºý¡¢ÆçÒ壬Ӧ¼òÃ÷ÓÐÐò
       Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity;
       Be brief/be orderly.
3.ÁùÆßÊ®Äê´úʱ£¬ÃÀ¹úÕÜѧÓïÑÔѧ¼ÒJohn Searle¶ÔÑÔÍâÐÐΪ·Ö³ÉÁË5Àà
²ûÊöÐÔRepresentatives---to commit the speaker to something¡¯s being the
                                           Case ,to the truth of what has been said.
   Àý´Ê:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing×îÓдú±íÐÔ,
   Ö¸ÁîÐÔDirectives---are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do
                                something.
  Àý´Ê:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening,
          ordering  ÊÇÌØÓÐʵÀý
   ³ÐŵÐÔCommissives---when speaking the speaker puts himself under
                                         obligation.
  Àý´Ê:promising, undertaking, vowing×îµäÐÍ
±í´ïÀàExpressives---the speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards
                                   an existing state of affairs.
   Àý´Ê:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating
Ðû¸æÀàDeclarations---the successful performance of an act of this type brings
                               about the correspondence between what is said and reality.    
  Àý¾ä
I now declare the meeting open/I appoint you chairman of the committee/I fire you.
  ÕâÎåÀàdiffer in their strength or force.
4.Semantics ºÍPragmaticsµÄÇø·Ö
Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.
The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
5.Óï¾³ÖÐÌýÕßÓë˵»°Õßshared knowledge is of two types:
 The knowledge of the language they use, the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
6.Sentence meaningÓëUtterance meaningµÄÇø±ð
  Sentence meaning---abstract, decontextualized.
  Utterance meaning---concrete, contextualized it¡¯s based on sentence meaning, it¡¯s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
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7.While most utterances take the form of sentences ,i.e. most utterances are complete sentences
In terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some can¡¯t even be restored to complete sentences
Chapter 7     Historical linguistics
Ò»¡¢¶¨Òå
1.ÀúʱÓïÑÔѧDiachronic linguistics
A term used in stead of historical linguistics to the study of language change at various points in time at various historical stage.
2.ÔªÒô´ó½»ÌæGreat Vowel Shift
A series of systematic sound change  in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.