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8. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
9.Sequential rulesÀý×Ó
If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:
¢Åthe first phoneme must be /s/
¢Æthe second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/
¢Çthe third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w
10.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone
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1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound?
Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.
Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.
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2.how are the English consonants classified?
  By place of articulation and By manner of articulation
3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? why?
ÓïÒôѧºÍÒôλѧµÄÑо¿ÖÐÐÄÓкβ»Í¬?ÓïÒôѧ¼ÒºÍÒôλѧ¼ÒÄÄÒ»¸ö¸ü¹ØÐÄÇåÎúÒôµÄÇø±ð?Ϊʲô?
Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences.
Phonology —description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish  meaning.
A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos    4.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?
Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit.
Phoneme---a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.
Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?ΪʲôÇø·Ö×îС¶ÔÁ¢×éÔÚÒ»ÖÖÓïÑÔÖзdz£ÖØÒª?
Minimal pair—two sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.
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Minimal set—a group of sound combinations with the above feature.
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By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes.
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6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?
  Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.
  Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.
7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.
ÐòÁйæÔòSequential rules 
Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
ͬ»¯¹æÔòAssimilation rules
The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
Ê¡ÂÔ¹æÔòDeletion rule
It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.











Chapter Three Morphology
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1.´ÊËØMorpheme
 The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language.
2.×ÔÓÉ´ÊËØFree Morpheme
  Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
3.ð¤×Å´ÊËØBound morphemes
  Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.
4.´Ê¸ùRoot
  Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
5.´Ê׺Affix
  The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
6.ÇúÕÛ´Ê׺inflectional affixes
  The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.
7.ÅÉÉú´Ê׺Derivational affixes
 The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes.