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Lips, teeth, teeth ridge (alveolus), hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, tip of tongue, blade of tongue, back of tongue, vocal cords
[C] Orthographic representation of speech sounds
Broad and narrow transcriptions
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet/Association)
Broad transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols only
Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics
E.g.:
[l]à[li:f]--à a clear [l] (no diacritic)
[l]à[bild]--àa dark [l] (~)
[l]à[helW]--àa dental [l] ( )
[p]à[pit]--àan aspirated [ph](h)
[p]à[spit]--àan unaspirated [p] (no diacritic)
[n]à[5bQtn]àa syllabic nasal [n] (7)
[D] Classification of English consonants
In terms of manner of articulation (the manner in which obstruction is created)
¢Ù Stops: the obstruction is total or complete, and then going abruptly
[p]/ [b], [t]/[d], [k]/[g]
¢Ú Fricatives: the obstruction is partial, and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the month
[f]/[v], [s]/[z], [W]/[T], [F]/[V], [h] (approximant)
¢Û Affricates: the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly as in fricatives
[tF]/[dV]
¢Ü Liquids: the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth
[l]àa lateral sound; [r]à retroflex
¢Ý Glides: [w], [j] (semi-vowels)
Liquid + glides + [h]à approximants
¢Þ Nasals: the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate to let air pass through it
[m], ], [][
By place of articulation (the place where obstruction is created)
¢Ù bilabials: upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstructions
[p]/, [w]à(velar)
¢Ú labiodentals: the lower lip and the upper teeth
[f]/[v]
¢Û dentals: the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth
[W]/[T]
¢Ü alveolars: the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge
[t]/[d], [s]/[z], [n], [l], [r]
¢Ý alveo-palatals (palato-alveolars): tongue and the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge
[F]/[V], [t]/[d]
¢Þ palatal: tongue in the middle of the palate
[j]
¢ß velars: the back of the tongue against the velum
[k], [g], [N] … [w]
¢à glottals: the glottal is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx
[h]
[E] Classification of English vowels

Front
i:                 Central        Back  
Close  i        `        
        u:
u
Semi-close e                E:        
Semi-open                 E         C:
Open     A
B                Q         R
B:
¢Ù The highest position of the tongue: front, central, back;
¢Ú The openness of the mouth: close, semi-close, semi-open, open;
¢Û The roundness (shape) of the month (the lips):
All the front, central vowels are unrounded vowels except [B]
All the back vowels, except [A:] are rounded vowels
¢Ü The length of the sound: long vowels & short vowels
Larynx à (tense) or (lax)
Monophthongs, diphthongs
Cardinal vowels
[F] The definition of phonology
Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.
Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular languages; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
[G] Phone, phoneme, and allophone
Phone: the different versions of the abstract unit – phoneme
Phoneme: the mean-distinguishing sound in a language, placed in slash marks
Allophone: a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme
[G] Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
Phonemic contrast: when two phonemes can occur in the same environments in two words and they distinguish meaning, they’re in phonemic contrast.