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1 added value tax

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2 annual financial report

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3 bull market

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4 law of diminishing marginal returns

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5 angel investment

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6 capital turnover

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7 butterfly effect

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8 calling center

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9 SWOT analysis

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10 business model

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B) ººÒëÓ¢£º´Ó10¸ötermsÀïÃæÌô5¸ötranslate and define them briefly in? English(¹²15·Ö£¬Ò»¸ö3·Ö£©

1 ÁªºÏ¹úó·¢»áÒé

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development£¨UNCTAD)

Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.

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The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization’s goals are to: “maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis.”The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva.

2 ÆÕ»ÝÖÆ

Generalised System of Preferences£¨GSP)

The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it’s a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their “most favored” trading partner. In essence, MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc.GSP exempts WTO member countries from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries, without also lowering tariffs for rich countries

3 ±±ÃÀ×ÔÓÉóÒ×Э¶¨

North American Free Trade Agreement£¨NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.It superseded the Canada¨CUnited States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2013 the trade bloc is the largest in the world as well as by nominal GDP comparison.

4 ¿Ú±®

word of mouth£¬public praise

Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successive generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication is oral history¡ªthe recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected by word of mouth, whatever format they may be in.

5 »ãƱ

bill of exchange

A bill of exchange or “draft” is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee. A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today.

6 ÇãÏú

dumping

In economics, “dumping” is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below its cost of production.

7Àû»ùÓªÏú

niche marketing

Niche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers. Nearly everything we take for granted ¨Cfrom the fast food chains, convenience stores, even Wal-Mart¨Cbegan as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place. These ¡°niches¡± can be geographic areas, a specialty industry, a demographic or ethnic group, a specific gender group, or other special group of people.

8 ÌØÐí¾­Óª

Franchising

Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firm’s successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word “franchise” is of Anglo-French derivation¡ªfrom franc, meaning free¡ªand is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building “chain stores” to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor’s success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business. Essentially, and in terms of distribution, the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator, or a franchisee, to use the supplier’s trademark and distribute the supplier’s goods. In return, the operator pays the supplier a fee. Thirty three countries¡ªincluding the United States and Australia¡ªhave laws that explicitly regulate franchising, with the majority of all other countries having laws which have a direct or indirect impact on franchising.

9Êг¡Ï¸·Ö

market segmentation

Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who have common needs and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. Market segmentation strategies may be used to identify the target customers, and provide supporting data for positioning to achieve a marketing plan objective. Businesses may develop product differentiation strategies, or an undifferentiated approach, involving specific products or product lines depending on the specific demand and attributes of the target segment.

10¶ÔµÈóÒ×

counter trade

Counter trade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for, in whole or part, with other goods or services, rather than with money. A monetary valuation can however be used in counter trade for accounting purposes. In dealings between sovereign states, the term bilateral trade is used. OR “Any transaction involving exchange of goods or service for something of equal value.”

II Passage Translatron (120 points)Section One: Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (60 points).

When You Move, I Move: Increasing Synchronization Among Asia¡¯s Economies

In recent decades, trade integration within Asia has increased more than in other regions. In valued-added terms, intraregional trade grew on average by over 10 percent a year from 1990 to 2012, twice the pace seen outside of Asia. Likewise, financial integration within the region has started to catch up, although it still lags behind trade integration. Concomitantly, business cycles in Asia have become steadily more synchronized over the past two decades, with the correlation between ASEAN economies¡¯ growth rates almost reaching the very high levels seen within the Euro Area.

As outlined in the IMF Asia and Pacific Department¡¯s latest Regional Economic Outlook, these facts are related. Namely, increases in trade and financial integration have strengthened the propagation of growth shocks between regional partners, leading Asian economies to move more in lockstep. One driver of this synchronization of business cycles has been the increase in size and connectedness of China¡¯s economy. Looking ahead, we expect regional integration agenda and a bigger China to further increase spillovers and growth co-movement across the region. Greater international cooperation, particularly regional and global financial safety nets, can help countries respond to the associated risk of more synchronized, sharper downturns, and thereby help Asia make the most of greater regional integration.

Trade integration has been an important synchronizing force for Asian business cycles

On the trade side, our study brings a novel finding: what makes two economies co-move¡ªby propagating shocks across borders¡ªis the intensity of their bilateral trade in value-added terms, not in gross terms. The iPhone supply chain example illustrates why this makes sense: although China exports the product to the US, its domestic firms add only a small fraction of the overall value added, so that gross exports vastly over-estimate the dependence of the Chinese economy on final demand from American consumers. The reverse holds for Korea or Taiwan POC, which reap sizeable value added through exports of components to China even though they don¡¯t export any iPhones to the US. Overall, the trend increase in the value-added traded between Asian economies over the past two decades has accounted for around one-quarter of the concomitant increase in business cycle synchronization across the region.

Financial integration has been a more ambivalent force. Across the world, it has magnified the impact on business cycle synchronization of large global shocks like the global financial crisis, as global banks pulled funds back across the board. But in normal times, it has lowered synchronization somewhat, possibly by facilitating international reallocation of capital when a shock hits one country. However, this has been less of a factor in Asia, where cross-border financial claims and flows have so far been comparatively small.

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Section Two: Translate the following Chinese passage into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (60 points).

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²Î¿¼ÒëÎÄ£ºThe Potential Impact of China¡¯s Aging Population on Its Economic Growth

Theoretical studies suggest that aging population will reduce labor supply, reduce the social saving rate, result in reduced output and capital formation, and ultimately affect economic growth. Meantime, the experiences of developed countries show that with aging population, expenditure for the elder and per capital health care will rise sharply, adding to the fiscal burden.

Compared with ¡°synchronization of getting rich and becoming an aged society¡± or ¡°becoming a rich society before getting older¡±, China¡¯s per capita income is still relatively low, and China¡¯s situation belongs to ¡°becoming an aged society before getting rich¡±, and its impact on economic growth is increasingly evident. First, in the future, declining labor supply and rising labor cost will have a negative impact on the corporate sector, especially labor-intensive enterprises. Second, the rising elder dependency ratio will affect households¡¯saving amount and the propensity to save, and indirectly affect corporate saving behaviors by depressing corporate profits. The decline in savings will reduce the source of investment funds, and in turn affect the price of funds. Third, aging population will add to fiscal burden. Compared with developed countries, China¡¯s social security level is relatively low, both the pension funds and medical insurance system face the problems of insufficient funding and inadequate coverage, and there are shortfalls in many localities. As China¡¯s social security system is gradually improved, the level of pensions continues to rise, and the health insurance coverage expands, in the future fiscal expenditures resulting from aging population will grew rapidly, adding to increasing fiscal pressures.

Since population aging is a long-term issue in China, measures should be taken continuously to promote urbanization and balanced regional economic development, and to facilitate the transfer and reemployment of surplus labor in the rural area. Furthermore the following measures should be taken: increase human capital input, and improve labor quality; vigorously promote technological innovation and upgrade industrial structure to offset the gradual loss of labor advantage via technological progress; accelerate the building of the social security system, and continue to expand the coverage of pension funds and medical insurances to gradually upgrade the social security level.

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