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Unit 54


A dog may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce grotesque distortion. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies.

Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal. Dr Ostrander has already used dogs to track down the genes behind certain cancers that the species shares with people, and to work out the dog family tree. At the AAAS she described her search for the genes controlling three of the most important features of a breed: its size, its hair and the length of its legs.

To investigate size, she looked at a breed called the Portuguese water dog. There are about 10,000 of these animals in North America. All of them are descended from an original population of just 30 that was introduced half a century ago. The size of water dogs, she found, is governed mainly by variations in a gene called insulin-like growth-factor 1—and that is probably true of other breeds as well.

Short legs, a phenomenon known as chondrodysplasia, are characteristic of many dog breeds, perhaps most famously dachshunds and corgis. In people the condition is known vulgarly as dwarfism. Dr Ostrander’s work showed that in dogs it is caused by the reactivation of a “dead” version of a gene involved in the regulation of growth. Chromosomes are littered with such non-functional genes; they are the result of mutations favoured by natural selection at some point in the past. Here the gene in question has been reactivated by the arrival within it of what is known as a LINE-1 element. This is a piece of DNA that can jump about from place to place within a genome, sometimes causing havoc as it does so.

Dachshunds also featured in her third example—the genetics of dog-hair. Dog coats come in three forms: smooth£¨ie, short£©, long and wiry. Some dogs also have what fanciers refer to as “furniture”, notably moustaches. Dr Ostrander found that 80% of the variation between breeds in coat form and furniture was explained by differences in just three genes. Different combinations of these result in different mixtures of coat and furniture.

The upshots of this work are twofold. One is to show that a lot of variety can be caused by only a little genetic variation. Many dog breeds look more different from one another than do the members of groups of real, natural species, so speciation may not be particularly difficult. The second upshot is that dogs may cast light on the condition of human chondrodysplasia and thus prove, once again, what good friends they are to man.

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1. The expression “breeds” £¨Line 3, Paragraph 2£© most probably means ______.

A) natural species

B) animals developed by people

C) inbred dogs

D) domesticated animals

2. The attitude of those who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees towards dogs is one of ______.

A) enthusiastic interest

B) reserved indifference

C) slight doubt

D) strong contempt

3. By saying “the upshots of this work are twofold”£¨Line 1, Last Paragraph£©, the author implies that ______.

A) the research is divided into two parts

B) the research is important in two senses

C) the results of the research involve two types of dogs

D) the research has achieved two important results

4. What does the author mean by saying “Dachshunds also featured in her third example—the genetics of dog-hair”£¨Line 1, Paragraph 5£©?

A) Dachshunds can also explain another aspect of Dr Ostrander’s theory.

B) Dachshunds are responsible for two aspects of Dr Ostrander’s theory.

C) Dachshunds feature special genes of hair.

D) Dachshunds are special because of their distinctive hair.

5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A) What was found about the Portuguese water dog is likely applicable to other dogs as well.

B) Short legs in dogs have something to do with gene reactivation.

C) What was found about chondrodysplasia in dogs can also apply to dwarfism in human.

D) The variation of dog coat does not involve a large quantity of genes but only a few.





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canine /ˈkeɪnaɪn/ adj. È®µÄ£¬¹·µÄ£»ËÆÈ®µÄ

grotesque /grəʊˈtesk/ adj. ÆæÐιÖ×´µÄ£»¹Å¹ÖµÄ£¬¹Öµ®µÄ

pathology /pəˈθɒlədʒi/ n. ²¡×´£¬²¡±ä

pedigree /ˈpedɪgriː/ n. ¼ÒÊÀ£¬ÑªÍ³ adj. ´¿ÖÖµÄ

pooch /puːtʃ/ n. ¹·

inbred /ˈinˈbred/ adj. ͬϵ½»Åä²úÉúµÄ£¬ÖÖÄÚ·±Ö³µÄ

insulin /ˈinsjʊlɪn/ n. ÒȵºËØ

chondrodysplasia n . Èí¹ÇÓªÑøÕÏ°­£¬Èí¹Ç·¢Óý²»Á¼

dachshund /ˈdækshund/ n. À°³¦È®

corgis /ˈkɔːgɪs/ n. Íþ¶ûÊ¿°«½Å¹·

dwarfism /ˈdwɔːfɪzəm/ n. °«Ð¡£¬ÙªÈåÖ¢

reactivation /ˈrɪæktɪˈveɪʃən/ n. ÔÙ¼¤»î

chromosome /ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/ n. ȾɫÌå

havoc /ˈhævək/ n. ´óÆÆ»µ£¬ºÆ½Ù

fancier /ˈfænsɪə/ n. £¨¹ÛÉÍÐͶ¯¡¢Ö²ÎïµÈµÄ£©ÓýÖÖÕߣ»·¢ÉÕÓÑ

twofold /ˈtuːfəʊld/ adj. ÓÐÁ½²¿·ÖµÄ£¬Ë«ÖصÄ

speciation /ˌspiːsiːˈeɪʃən/ n. ÎïÖÖÐγÉ





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Unit 55


Altruism, according to the text books, has two forms. One is known technically as kin selection, and familiarly as nepotism. This spreads an individual’s genes collaterally, rather than directly, but is otherwise similar to his helping his own offspring. The second form is reciprocal altruism, or “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours”. It relies on trust, and a good memory for favours given and received, but is otherwise not much different from simultaneous collaboration (such as a wolf pack hunting) in that the benefit exceeds the cost for all parties involved. Humans, however, show a third sort of altruism—one that has no obvious pay-off. This is altruism towards strangers, for example, charity. That may enhance reputation. But how does an enhanced reputation weigh in the Darwinian balance?

To investigate this question, the researchers made an interesting link. At first sight, helping charities looks to be at the opposite end of the selfishness spectrum from conspicuous consumption. Yet they have something in common: both involve the profligate deployment of resources. That is characteristic of the consequences of sexual selection. An individual shows he£¨or she£©has resources to burn—whether those are biochemical reserves, time or, in the human instance, money—by using them to make costly signals. That demonstrates underlying fitness of the sort favoured by evolution. Viewed this way, both conspicuous consumption and what the researchers call “blatant benevolence” are costly signals. And since they are behaviours rather than structures, and thus controlled by the brain, they may be part of the mating mind.

Researchers divided a bunch of volunteers into two groups. Those in one were put into what the researchers hoped would be a “romantic mindset” by being shown pictures of attractive members of the opposite sex. They were each asked to write a description of a perfect date with one of these people. The unlucky members of the other group were shown pictures of buildings and told to write about the weather. The participants were then asked two things. The first was to imagine they had $5,000 in the bank. They could spend part or all of it on various luxury items such as a new car, a dinner party at a restaurant or a holiday in Europe. They were also asked what fraction of a hypothetical 60 hours of leisure time during the course of a month they would devote to volunteer work.

The results were just what the researchers hoped for. In the romantically primed group, the men went wild with the Monopoly money. Conversely, the women volunteered their lives away. Those women continued, however, to be skinflints, and the men remained callously indifferent to those less fortunate than themselves. Meanwhile, in the other group there was little inclination either to profligate spending or to good works. Based on this result, it looks as though the sexes do, indeed, have different strategies for showing off. Moreover, they do not waste their resources by behaving like that all the time. Only when it counts sexually are men profligate and women helpful.

×¢£¨1£©£º±¾ÎÄÑ¡×ÔEconomist£»

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1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _______.

A) stating an incident

B) justifying an assumption

C) explaining the forms of a phenomenon

D) making a comparison

2. The statement “helping charities looks to be at the opposite end of the selfishness spectrum from conspicuous consumption”£¨Lines 1~2, Paragraph 2£©means _______.

A) helping charities shows selfishness while conspicuous consumption shows selflessness

B) helping charities shows selflessness while conspicuous consumption shows selfishness

C) both helping charities and conspicuous consumption show selfishness

D) both helping charities and conspicuous consumption show selflessness

3. The main reasons for people’s involving in charities being regarded as “blatant benevolence” are as following, EXCEPT that_______.

A) it helps donators become famous and admired by the public

B) it includes a large amount of deployable resources

C) it provides rich people with a way of showing off their wealth

D) it might be related to mating minds as conspicuous consumption

4. The results of the study found that _______.

A) the reactions of the two groups of volunteers are similar

B) female volunteers of the two groups behave exactly the same

C) men tend to show off their wealth when courting women

D) men and women always show different inclinations of showing off

5. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs?

A) The study aims to demonstrate the universality of the “blatant benevolence” phenomenon in human nature.

B) The researchers divided volunteers into two groups on purpose for comparison.

C) The second group of volunteers consisted of those who had bad luck in real life.

D) Volunteers of the second group showed different strategies of showing off between the sexes.





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kin /kɪn/ n. ¼ÒÊô£¨¼¯ºÏ³Æν£©£¬Ç×ÆÝ£¬Í¬×å

nepotism /ˈnepətɪzəm/ n. Æ«Ì»£¬È¹´ø¹Øϵ

collateral /kəˈlætərəl/ adj. ¼ä½ÓµÄ

offspring /ˈɒfsprɪŋ/ n. ¶ùÅ®£¬×ÓËºó´ú

reciprocal /rɪˈsɪprəkəl/ adj. »¥»ÝµÄ£¬ÏàÓ¦µÄ

simultaneous /ˌsɪməlˈteɪnjəs/ adj. ͬʱµÄ

pay-off /ˈpeɪˌɒf/ n. Ó®Àû

spectrum /ˈspektrəm/ n. ·¶Î§£¬ÁìÓò

conspicuous consumption ìÅÒ«ÐÔÏû·Ñ

profligate /ˈprɒflɪgɪt/ adj. ·Åµ´µÄ£¬»Ó»ôµÄ

blatant /ˈbleɪtənt/ adj. ³³Äֵģ¬ìÅÒ«µÄ

benevolence /bɪˈnevələns/ n. ÈÊ°®ÐÄ£¬ÉÆÐÐ

prime /praɪm/ v. ¹à×¢£¬Ìî×°

skinflint /ˈskɪnflɪnt/ n. ÁßØĹí

callous /ˈkæləs/ adj. ÎÞÇéµÄ£¬Àäµ­µÄ





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