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margin /ˈm¨»ːdʒɪn/ n. ²îÊý£ºÒ³±ßµÄ¿Õ°×

assessment /əˈsesmənt/ n. ÆÀ¹À£¬¹À¼Û

routinely /ruːˈtiːnli/ adv. ÀýÐеأ»³£¹æµØ

therapy /ˈθerəpi/ n. ÖÎÁÆ

delinquent /dɪˈlɪŋkwənt/ n. ʧְÕߣ¬Î¥·¨Õß

proportion /prəˈpɔːʃən/ n. ±ÈÀý£¬¾ùºâ

detention /dɪˈtenʃən/ n. ¾ÐÁô£¬½û±Õ

psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪətri/ n. ¾«Éñ²¡Ñ§£¬¾«Éñ²¡ÖÎÁÆ·¨

domestic /dəˈmestɪk/ adj. ¼ÒÍ¥µÄ£¬¹úÄÚµÄ

confidence level ÖÃÐŶÈ

probability /ˌprɒbəˈbɪlɪti/ n. ¸ÅÂÊ

inference /ˈɪnfərəns/ n. ÍÆÂÛ

initial /ɪˈnɪʃəl/ adj. ×î³õµÄ£¬³õʼµÄ

fallacy /ˈfæləsi/ n. ÃýÎó£¬ÃýÂÛ

confound /kənˈfaʊnd/ vt. ʹ»ìÏý£¬´ì°Ü

aggregate /ˈæ¨Àrɪ¨Àeɪt/ v. ¾Û¼¯£¬ºÏ¼Æ

insure /ɪnˈʃʊə/ vt. ¸ø…±£ÏÕ





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Unit 58


Sloth may be seen as a sin, but some of history’s most accomplished men were fond of lounging around. Leonardo da Vinci enjoyed napping. So did Albert Einstein and Winston Churchill. Richard Buckminster Fuller advocated taking 30-minute naps every six hours. He is reported to have abandoned the practice only because “his schedule conflicted with that of his business associates, who insisted on sleeping like other men.”

No one has yet proved a correlation between napping and artistic brilliance or professional success, but an intriguing study published this week in the Archives of Internal Medicine claims to find a link between daytime siestas and good health. A team of researchers led by Androniki Naska of the University of Athens Medical School and Dimitrios Trichopoulos of Harvard’s School of Public Health followed over 23,000 Greek patients with no history of coronary disease, cancer or stroke, for an average of six years. Their conclusion: napping just might save your life.

The study found that the group of adults who took siestas£¨defined as 30-minute naps£©at least three times a week had a third fewer deaths from heart disease than an equivalent group who did not sleep at all during the day. The benefit was greater for men than for women. £¨Whether women benefited at all was hard to estimate as there were too few deaths among them during the course of the study.£© It was also greater for working men than for those who had retired. However, a number of previous studies done in the Mediterranean and in parts of Central America£¨where siestas remain common£©have come up with conflicting results, but Dr Naska and Dr Trichopoulos argue that those studies have often been flawed. The subjects in some, for example, had survived heart attacks and may therefore have benefited more from napping than healthy individuals do.

Given that all of the subjects of this new study were Greek, could the much-celebrated Mediterranean diet deserve credit, rather than the siestas? The firm answer from Dr Trichopoulos is “No”. And he is in a good position to say so, for it was he who did the pioneering research that put olive oil and a plant-based diet on the scientific map in the first place. Unlike some other siesta studies, his was controlled for diet, smoking, exercise and other relevant variables. The earlier findings about the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are confirmed, he says, and napping seems to help on top of that.

Before buying a sofa for the office, however, it might be wise to consider the possibility of selection bias. Dr Trichopoulos concedes that “Type A” personalities, whose hard-working lives may make them prone to heart attacks, are also much less likely to take naps during the day. That bias might be skewing the study’s results. Even so, he advises, “Take a nap if you can.”

×¢£¨1£©£º±¾ÎÄÑ¡×ÔEconomist£»

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1. What do scientists expect to achieve in the study of daytime siestas?

A) They want to prove that siestas help people become smarter.

B) They want to prove that siestas can make people happier.

C) They want to prove that siestas may prolong people’s life.

D) They want to prove that siestas help cure some diseases.

2. Which of the following is TRUE about taking nap regularly?

A) One’s possibility of dying from heart diseases is smaller.

B) One is surely to enjoy a long life with the habit of taking siestas.

C) Whether siestas benefit women is still unknown due to the limited member of women participating the test.

D) A working man usually outlives a working woman of similar age if he has the habit of siestas.

3. The expression “lounging around”£¨Lines 1~2, Paragraph 1£©most probably means _______.

A) sleeping a lot

B) taking a nap every few hours

C) relaxing oneself

D) being lazy

4. Why is Dr Trichopoulos in a good position to deny the benefit from Mediterranean diet in this case?

A) Because the research Dr Trichopoulos has done on napping is more convincing.

B) Because Dr Trichopoulos is a forerunner of research on Mediterranean diet.

C) Because Dr Trichopoulos knows nothing about the nutritious value of Mediterranean diet.

D) Because Mediterranean diet is notorious for its unhealthiness.

5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) The research fails to apply universally because it only studies a limited scope of sample that is short of representativeness.

B) Most of those who have great achievements usually have the habit of taking siestas regularly.

C) People who work under great pressure benefit more from napping than the retired.

D) Dr Trichopoulos’s siesta study conflicts with previous studies, which mitigate the credibility of his study.





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sloth /sləʊθ/ n. µ¡¶è£¬ÀÁ¶è

lounge /laʊndʒ/ vi. ÀÁÑóÑóµØÌÉÎÔ£¬Ïе´

nap /næp/ n. / v. £¨°×Ì죩С˯£¬´òíï

correlation /ˌkɒrɪˈleɪʃən/ n. Ï໥¹Øϵ£¬Ïà¹Ø

siesta /sɪˈestə/ n. Îç˯

coronary /ˈkɒrənəri/ adj. ¹ÚµÄ£¬»¨¹ÚµÄ£¬¹Ú×´µÄ

stroke /strəʊk/ n. Öзç

equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ adj. ÏàµÈµÄ£¬Ï൱µÄ

flaw /flɔː/ vt. ʹÓÐȱÏÝ£¬Ê¹ÎÞЧ

bias /ˈbaɪəs/ n. Æ«¼û

prone /prəʊn/ adj. ÓÐ…ÇãÏòµÄ

skew /skjuː/ v. Çú½â£»ÍáÇú





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Unit 59


Whether you are a gorilla, a four-year-old child, a politician or an Olympic athlete, the signs of victory are obvious for all to see: the chest inflates, the head is thrown back and the victor displays a strutting and confident air. Shame at being defeated is equally recognizable: the head bows, and sometimes the shoulders slump and the chest narrows too—something that is not a million miles away from the cringing postures associated with submission in animals, from chimpanzees to rats, rabbits and even salamanders. Are these displays of pride and shame common to all humans? If they are, they will have evolved to serve some function.

The past week in Beijing demonstrates that different cultures do indeed show similar displays of pride and shame. But it is difficult to say if these reactions are instinctive or learnt. Jessica Tracy at the University of British Columbia and David Matsumoto at San Francisco State University decided to explore this by comparing pictures of blind and sighted athletes from different cultures.

In their research, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team analyzed images from the judo competition held in the 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games. They looked for whether or not competitors indulged in post-match behavior such as tilting their heads back, raising their arms or expanding their chests in victory, or hiding their face or narrowing their chests in defeat. They found that in response to success and failure, people from different cultures displayed the stereotypical gestures of pride and some of the components of expressions of shame. This included the blind competitors—even those blind from birth.

Although the researchers say that congenitally blind children might have been taught by their parents to lift their hands above their heads after a victory, they speculate that it would be harder to teach them the full spectrum of displays they witnessed. These findings, then, imply that displays of pride are not simply cultural stereotypes learnt after birth, but an innate form of behavior that was relevant to the way humans lived. A display of pride£¨or shame£©, in other words, may be an evolved and innate behavioral response.

Why? Such displays may have an evolutionary function. People could be advertising their accomplishments and ensuring their status and acceptance within their social group. Similarly, shame shows acceptance of a defeat and a reluctance to fight on£¨which may help to avoid further aggression£©, and so might well be a display of submission.

The researchers also found that the behavioral response to shame was weaker in sighted athletes from cultures that were individualistic—or “self-expression valuing”—societies in the West. They suggest that athletes from these parts were suppressing responses in accordance with “cultural norms” that stigmatize displays of shame. If so, this would explain why the congenitally blind displayed more shame in defeat than did people who became blind later in life.

Culture has a lot to do with displays of victory, whether it is the two-fingered “V” salute or footballers removing their clothing. Both are culturally influenced, but they have their roots in showing exactly who is on top.

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1. The ways humans of different cultures display the expressions of pride and shame are ______.

A) learnt

B) identical

C) alike

D) instinctive

2. We can infer from the text that the object of the study is to ______.

A) discover whether displays of pride and shame are culturally determined or innate