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B) find out how differently blind and sighted athletes would display pride and shame

C) pinpoint how being blind can influence people’s specific behaviors

D) compare the behaviors of athletes from different cultural backgrounds

3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, according to the text, is probably ______.

A) a manual on scientific research

B) an academic conference

C) an online academic forum

D) an academic journal

4. According to the text, people display pride or shame probably because ______.

A) they are in favor of evolutionary progress

B) they want to be accepted by a social group and protect themselves

C) they are required by their culture to show these emotions

D) they want to fight for victory and avoid failure

5. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?

A) Culture is ultimately accountable for human display of pride and shame.

B) The fact that culture still exerts influence on human display of pride and shame undermines the conclusion of the research.

C) Culture plays a part in shaping the way people display their pride and shame.

D) Congenitally blind people display more shame in defeat than those who become blind later in life because they have different genes.





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gorilla /gəˈrɪlə/ n. ´óÐÉÐÉ

inflate /ɪnˈfleɪt/ v. ʹ³äÆø£¬Ê¹ÅòÕÍ

strut /strʌt/ v. ¸ßÊÓÀ«²½£¬Öº¸ßÆøÑïµØ×ß

slump /slʌmp/ v. ʹ½µµÍ£¬Ê¹Ë¥Âä

cringe /krɪndʒ/ v. ηËõ£¬òéËõ

chimpanzee /ˌtʃɪmpənˈziː/ n. ºÚÐÉÐÉ

salamander /ˈsæləmændə/ n. òîó¢

tilt /tɪlt/ v. ʹÇãб£¬Ê¹ÇÌÆð

congenitally /kənˈdʒenɪtəli/ adv. ÏÈÌìµØ£¬ÌìÉúµØ

innate /ˈɪnˈeit/ adj. ÓëÉú¾ãÀ´µÄ£¬ÌìÉúµÄ£¬¹ÌÓеÄ

stigmatize /ˈstɪgmətaɪz/ v. ¸ø…´øÀ´³ÜÈ裬ÎÛÈè





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Shame at being defeated is equally recognizable: the head bows, and sometimes the shoulders slump and the chest narrows too—something that is not a million miles away from the cringing postures associated with submission in animals, from chimpanzees to rats, rabbits and even salamanders.

Ö÷Ìå¾äʽ£ºShame at being defeated is equally recognizable.

½á¹¹·ÖÎö£º±¾¾äµÄÖ÷Ìå¾äʽ±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬ºóÃæÒÔðºÅÀ´Òý³öÏêϸ˵Ã÷£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵the head bows, and sometimes the shoulders slump and the chest narrows too¶¼ÊÇÓÃÀ´ËµÃ÷shameµÄ±íÏÖ¡£ÏÂÃæÆÆÕÛºÅÒýµ¼µÄ²»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¾ä×Ó£¬ÆäºËÐijɷÖÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö´Êsomething£¬Ö¸µÄ¾ÍÊÇÇ°ÃæÁгöµÄ¸÷Àà±íÏÖ¡£thatÒýµ¼µÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾äÕû¸öÓÃÀ´ÐÞÊÎsomething¡£Õâ¸ö¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄÖ÷¸ÉÊÇthat is not a million miles away from the cringing postures£¬ºóÃæassociated with submission in animalsÓÃÀ´ÐÞÊÎpostures¡£

¾ä×ÓÒëÎÄ£º±»´ò°ÜʱµÄÐßÀ¢Ò²ºÜÈÝÒ×±æÈÏ£º´¹Í·º¬ÐØ£¬ÓÐʱÁ½¼çÞÇÀ­£¬Ó붯Îï±íÏÖµÄ˳´ÓµÄηËõ×Ë̬·Ç³£½Ó½ü£¬ÎÞÂÛÊǺÚÐÉÐÉ¡¢ÀÏÊ󣬻¹ÊÇÍÃ×Ó£¬ÉõÖÁÊÇòî󢡣





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Unit 60


“Half the game is 90 percent mental,” Yogi Berra once said, or something like that, and science is now getting around to putting his aphorism to the test. Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation—not in baseball players but in golfers, who make better subjects because they don’t move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads. Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers’ conclusion, though: the better the golfer, the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot.

Crews, a sports psychologist who studies putting—even the minimal agitation of a chip shot can upset her experimental apparatus—has found that a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere. This is the seat of logic, analysis, verbal reasoning and the kinds of thoughts—Maybe I should just kind of squinch over a little more to the left—that you never imagine crossing Tiger Woods’s mind. Professionals, once they’ve determined how to make a shot, follow an invariable routine that renders conscious thought unnecessary. “How you think is probably more important than what you think,” Crews says. “Quieting the left hemisphere is really critical.”

Or, to put it another way, when Milton asked some LPGA golfers what they thought about just before taking a shot, they answered: nothing. To test this, he rounded up a half-dozen pros and an equal number of amateurs and had them imagine making a specific shot—a wedge shot of 100 yards to the green, with no wind—while monitoring their brains in a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine. “The professionals are just much more specialized and efficient,” Milton says. “You put in a quarter and you get your shot.” The amateurs, by contrast, showed more total brain activation, involving more areas of the brain. In particular, amateurs activated the basal ganglia—involved in learning motor functions—and the basal forebrain and amygdala, responsible for, among other functions, emotions. “They’re not fearful or anxious,” Milton says, “but they get overwhelmed by details, by the memories of all the shots they’ve missed in the past.” Some of his subjects worried about hitting the ball into the water, which was curious, because he hadn’t even mentioned a water hazard in describing the imaginary shot to them.

Professional athletes, as a rule, know how to keep focus, although there are exceptions, like Chuck Knoblauch, the Yankee second baseman who suddenly lost the ability to make a routine throw to first base. Milton is already trying to apply these lessons to stroke and other rehabilitation patients who have to relearn skills like walking; he recommends putting more emphasis on visualization and improving mental focus. In many aspects of life, it seems, half the game really is 90 percent mental.

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1. The views of Yogi Berra and researchers including Crews and Milton are ______.

A) similar

B) identical

C) opposite

D) complementary

2. We can learn from the text that the difference between pros and amateurs lies in ______.

A) the activity of the left hemisphere

B) the way of their thinking

C) the ability to control one’s brain

D) the ability to forget the past failures

3. Tiger Woods, according to the text, is probably ______.

A) a researcher

B) a professional baseball player

C) a sports psychologist

D) a professional golf player

4. What is the key to the success of golfers according to the text?

A) Not to think of anything related to your past losses.

B) Quiet your left hemisphere and think of nothing.

C) Try to activate your whole brain.

D) To be more specialized and efficient.

5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A) What the researchers have found proves Yogi Berra’s words.

B) Baseball player should do as Yogi Berra said.

C) Mentality plays a very important role in many aspects of life.

D) Sports and medicine share some common principles.





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putting /ˈputɪŋ/ n. £¨¸ß¶û·òÇò£©´òÇòÈë¶´

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Researchers including Debbie Crews of Arizona State University and John Milton of the University of Chicago have been studying patterns of brain activation—not in baseball players but in golfers, who make better subjects because they don’t move around as much and the electrodes stay stuck to their heads.

Ö÷Ìå¾äʽ£ºResearchers have been studying patterns of brain activation.

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1. C ϸ½ÚÌâ¡£Yogi BerraµÄ¹ÛµãÊÇ“Half the game is 90 percent mental”£¬ËûÇ¿µ÷Á˱ÈÈüÖо«ÉñÒòËØµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬¶øÑо¿ÈËÔ±µÄ·¢ÏÖÊÇ“the better the golfer, the less brain activity he shows in the seconds before he makes his shot”£¬Õâ¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ˵£¬Ô½ÊǺõÄÔ˶¯Ô±£¬ËûÔÚ»÷Çò֮ǰÊýÃëÖÓÄڵĴóÄԻԽÉÙ¡£Õâ¸úYogi BerraµÄ¹ÛµãÊÇÍêÈ«²»Ò»ÑùµÄ£¬ËùÒÔ“Yogi might have been surprised by the researchers’ conclusion”¡£

2. A ÍÆÀíÌâ¡£Ô­ÎĶÔÓ¦ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ£º“a key difference between amateurs and pros lies in the left hemisphere”¡£

3. D ϸ½ÚÌâ¡£ÔÚÎÄÕµÚÒ»¶Î¾Í½éÉÜÁË×öÕâÒ»Ñо¿µÄÊÇCrewsºÍMilton£¬ËûÃǰÑÑо¿¶ÔÏó¶¨Îª¸ß¶û·òÔ˶¯Ô±£»ºóÀ´ÓÖ½øÒ»²½½éÉÜCrewsÊÇ“a sports psychologist who studies putting”£¬ÔÚÕâÀï“putting”µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ“£¨¸ß¶û·òÇò£©´òÇòÈë¶´”£¬´ÓÕâÀïÎÒÃǿɿ´³öCrewsÊÇһλÌåÓýÐÄÀíѧ¼Ò£¬×¨ÃÅÑо¿¸ß¶û·òÇò±ÈÈüÖл÷ÇòÈë¶´ÎÊÌâ¡£¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄ£¬Tiger WoodsÓ¦¸ÃÊÇһλ¸ß¶û·òÔ˶¯Ô±£¬ÊôÓÚCrewsµÄÑо¿·¶Î§¡£

4. B ϸ½ÚÌâ¡£ÎÄÕµÚÒ»¶Î½éÉÜÑо¿½á¹û£º¸ß¶û·òÇòÊÖµÄÇò¼¼Ô½¸ß£¬ËûÔÚ»÷Çò֮ǰ¼¸ÃëÖÓÄڵĴóÄԻ¾ÍÔ½ÉÙ¡£µÚ¶þ¶Î¼ÌÐøÖ¸³ö“Ö°ÒµÇòÊÖÒ»µ©¾ö¶¨»÷Çò£¬ËûÃǻᰴÕÕÒ»ÖÖÊÓÓÐÒâʶµÄ˼ÏëΪ¶àÓàµÄ¹Ì¶¨²»±äµÄ³£¹æÐÐÊ”£¬²¢ÒýÓÃÑо¿ÈËÔ±µÄ»°£º“ÈôóÄÔ×ó°ëÇòƽ¾²ÏÂÀ´µÄÈ·ÊǼ«ÆäÖØÒªµÄ”£¬Óɴ˿ɼû´ð°¸Ó¦¸ÃΪB¡£

5. C ÍÆÀíÌâ¡£Ô­ÎĶÔÓ¦ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ£º“In many aspects of life, it seems, half the game really is 90 percent mental.”´ÓÕâ¾ä»°ÎÒÃǿɿ´³öÐÄÀí×÷ÓöÔÈÕ³£Éú»îµÄÒâÒåÖØ´ó¡£





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Unit 61


Launching people into space may make headlines but it does little useful science. So when George Bush redirected America’s space agency, NASA, away from scientific research and towards a manned return to the moon in 2004, many scientists were disappointed. Now the agency has finally offered some small morsels of comfort in the form of four projects that could accompany efforts for a lunar return.

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